Language Research

Abstract   Phonology is the study of phonemic system in language and our perception of phonemic production in learning is noticeable cognitively and phonologically.phonemic awareness is a background for language skills such as reading, writing and spelling during school and the next year stages. In the stages of second language acquisition, phonemic awareness should be strengthened more than before.  The existence of a processing system is essential for phonemic skills. According to the Fraser's Cognitive phonology framework 2010, the pronunciation problems are basically conceptual. phonemes are representation of abstract concepts and a background knowledge is necessary for their interpretation to associate them with the verbal method.   Abstract phonological schemas should be perceived as a conceptual system and be related to the real world ,therefore we can achieve some linguistic improvments in other area of language by phonemic awareness skills. In this research investigating  vocalic errors using the field method through a questionnaire and audio recording by text reading of students in two classes of 10 persons was done in two tests. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the research is among 80 students from Tehran University of applied sciences ,using SPSS software and Cronbach's AFFA. The results show that phonemic awareness and meaningful communicational base is as an important basis in second language learning in cognitive approach point of view

Abstract   Inflectional features of languages have diversity and each language utilizes a range of these features to express its grammatical relations. Sometimes, in an inflection of a grammatical category (such as a verb), the semantic conditions require that several inflectional features come into use simultaneously in order to express a correct and accurate description of the event. In this case, this simultaneity is formed in an interwoven manner in the application of inflectional values and the phenomenon of fusion occurs. The main goal of this research is to examine fusional forms, including pormanteau, suppletion and fusions in the inflection of two languages, English and Persian, based on natural morphology theory, in order to determine the naturalness of these forms in the grammatical categories of noun, verb, adjective and pronoun of both languages and answer the question that what are the similarities and differences of these two languages in terms of the degree of fusion and naturalness of inflection and inflectional rules. The Persian and English data are extracted from the Persian language database and Corpus of Contemporary American English respectively by random sampling based on the equal number of words, and then analyzed based on the natural morphology theory. The results signify that the phenomenon of fusion occurs in the inflection of both languages and can be noticed in the inflection of different grammatical categories in the form of cumulative, strong and weak suppletion and pormanteau. In both languages, the frequency of fusion in verbs is more than other categories, namely nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and this is one of the common features of these two languages. In the category of pronouns, in English, there is a greater diversity of fusion. One of the reasons is the presence of gender feature in English pronouns and its absence in Persian. The results of the research highlight the fact that the inflectional forms with infusion do not follow the most important principles of the theory of natural morphology, which is the existence of a biuniqueness between the form and the meaning. They distort the criteria of naturalness and cause a decrease in the naturalness of the Persian and English inflectional systems.