Language Research - Articles in Press

Allomorph Alternation in Ezafe/Possessive Constructions in Sanandaji Kurdish: A Distributed Morphology Approach

Fatemeh Bahrami; Sadaf Kalami

Volume 10, Issue 1 , June 2019, , Pages 39-58

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2019.72000

Abstract

Conditions governing Ezafe/possessive marker allomorphy in Sanandaji Kurdish are of vital importance. There are four possible cases for the head noun of Ezafe construction; i.e. it ... Read More Conditions governing Ezafe/possessive marker allomorphy in Sanandaji Kurdish are of vital importance. There are four possible cases for the head noun of Ezafe construction; i.e. it can be definite and accompanied by an adjective; definite without any adjective complement; and indefinite with or without an adjective complement. Also, there are two possible cases for the head noun of possessive constructions; i.e. it is always definite, but it may be accompanied by an adjective complement or not. Amongst them, there is just one case with an evident case marker «=æ»: A definite noun phrase accompanied by an adjective reflects the Ezafe/possessive relation by linker «=æ», otherwise «=i» inserts. Hence, the rationale behind the aforementioned morpho-syntactic conditions is a challenging issue in Ezafe/possessive constructions. Furthermore the distinctive interpretation of the two constructions; is not to be disregarded just the possessive construction bears the meaning of possession. The present paper aims at investigating Ezafe/possessive constructions from a Distributed Morphology view and provides an analysis of their derivations which explains the structural similarities and constraints determining the alternation of case marking. It is supposed, the value of features in «Ez» determines the winner of the competition between «=æ» and «=i». Accordingly, when uninterpretable features in node Ez are valued as [Ez, +MOD, +DEF], «=æ» inserts into the node, and in other three cases, based on the under-specification principle «=i» inserts. Also, the difference in morphological features of the Complement of EzP nodes is responsible for the distinctive meaning of Ez- and Possessive constructions. In possessive constructions, the head of the adjective phrase, as a complement of EzP, contains an uninterpretable feature [POSS] which must be satisfied by merging EzP node with a possessive complement. Therefore the difference is related to the complement of EzP not the Ez node itself.

Production of English be-passive by Farsi-speaking EFL learners: A cognitive-construction grammar approach

Houshang Besati; Shahla Raghibdoost

Volume 4, Issue 1 , April 2013, , Pages 41-60

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.35923

Abstract

English passive has always been regarded as a challenge by Farsi-speaking EFL learners. Despite the presence of many linguistic and pedagogical approaches in studying and teaching English ... Read More

Vowel harmony and disharmony in Azerbaijani Turkish language Classification of Persian Verbs based on Event and Aspectual

Zahra Cheraghi; Gholamhosein Karimi-Doostan

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 41-60

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.50267

Abstract

The relationship between verbs and their arguments is a widely debated topic in linguistics. This important area of research explores current theories of how a verb’s semantics ... Read More

Historical Development of Comparative and Superlative Adjectives in Old Iranian and West Middle Iranian Languages and New Persian Authors

Saryeh Sahaby

Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 41-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.52659

Abstract

Adjective in its natural or "positive" state may be made comparative or superlative by the addition of suffixes. In this article the development of these suffixes from Indo-European ... Read More

The Analysis of Azari-Turkish Wh-Words in Minimalism

Abdolhosein Heidari; Saeed Mohammad Razinejad

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 41-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.54184

Abstract

The present study investigates Azari-Turkish wh-words within the framework of minimalism. The analysis of wh-in-situ data shows that [+Q] &ki/kïparticle are syntactically in ... Read More

Auxiliation in Persian and Evolution of Passive Structure from Stative to Dynamic Passive

Faezeh Saadat Mostafavi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2015, , Pages 41-60

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.56641

Abstract

Auxiliation is a subfield of the more familiar field of grammaticalization in world languages and deals with the way in which complex lexical verb structures develop over time into ... Read More

The Status of Adjective Phrases in Persian: A Role and Reference

Shahram Peyman; Vali Rezai; Mohammad Amouzadeh

Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2016, , Pages 41-60

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.57499

Abstract

The present study aims to examine the analysis of Persian adjective phrases (APs) within Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) and to appraise the merits and demerits thereof. In RRG, there ... Read More

Lexical Aspect in Persian Deadjectival Complex Predicates

Hassan Barzegar; Gholamhosain Karimi doustan

Volume 8, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 41-57

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2017.63134

Abstract

In this paper, we will study the lexical aspect in Persian deadjectival complex predicates. Hence, we firstly review different kinds of aspect. Then, we will succinctly review three ... Read More

Conspiracy in Azarbaijani Turkish

Seyyed Mohammad Razinejad; Mahmoud Bijankhan

Volume 3, Issue 2 , January 2013, , Pages 43-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2013.35360

Abstract

In this article, conspiracy which has been introduced by Kisseberth (1970) is studied in Azarbaijani Turkish. Sometimes, in a language or some languages, certain rules are used to avoid ... Read More

A Constructional Cognitive Approach to the Persian Suffix ‘-gɑr’

Parsa Bamshadi; Negar Davari Ardakani

Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 45-66

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.69528

Abstract

The suffix ‘-gɑr’ is a nominal and adjectival suffix in Persian which is believed by most researchers to express the subjective (agentive) meaning. The purpose of the present ... Read More

Writing Errors Analysis of Kazakh Persian Language Learners Based on Corder Model

BAKENOV ASTAM; Mohammad Baqher Mirzaei Hassarian; leila golpour

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 45-65

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2020.285069.666528

Abstract

Nowadays, errors made by language learners are not seen as signs of language incompetency, rather than are considered as measures for assessing second language , competency in learning ... Read More Nowadays, errors made by language learners are not seen as signs of language incompetency, rather than are considered as measures for assessing second language , competency in learning a second language. In the present research, it is attempted to analyze the written errors of Kazakh- Persian students based on Corder’s model. The main question of the study is the determination of frequent errors in the writing of Kazakh students, and the hypothesis is that the grammatical errors are more than lexical errors in the written text of the Kazakh language students. The present research is descriptive-analytic and its theoretical framework is the proposed Corder model. The statistical population of this research is non-Persian speaking Kazakh who study Persian language as a second language in Persian language at the Ablai Khan University in Kazakhstan. The research tool is a collection of 24 written articles from Kazakh undergraduate students that relates to the final test of their writing course with the right to choose a topic from among the five suggested subjects. On average, each entry contains 150 words. First, the language errors of Kazakh students were identified and extracted based on the proposed Corder model. Then, based on the type of errors, they were categorized and analyzed using statistical software. The frequency of errors were determined and finally analyzed. The research findings confirmed the hypothesis. The results of this research show that out of a total of 466 errors identified in the Kazakh written articles, the most errors are due to the non-observance of grammatical points with 231 cases and 47% of the total errors, and then the graphological – phonological errors with 182 cases and 41% of The sum of the errors is the worst mistake. Lexico-semantic errors with 43 occurrences and 10% of the total errors, in the next rank are the frequency of errors, and the lowest errors with 10 occurrences and 2% errors, are related to the cognitive- application errors.

Grammaticalization Process of engâr / engâri

Fahimeh Tasalli Bakhsh; Ehsan Changizi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 49-72

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2020.295879.666571

Abstract

In Modern New Persian, two adverbs “engâr” and “engâri” are used to represent irrealis modality when the speaker introduces a simile or a parable ... Read More In Modern New Persian, two adverbs “engâr” and “engâri” are used to represent irrealis modality when the speaker introduces a simile or a parable or expresses doubt and uncertainty about what he/she says. Some grammarians consider “engâri” as two other adverbs “guyi” and “pendâri”. They believe that these adverbs are originated in second-person singular verbs which have acquired adverbial function. In this article, we will discuss the process of grammaticalization of the two adverbs “engâr” and “engâri” using evidence from ancient texts written in Persian (either verse or prose post-Islamic texts) and Middle Persian, focusing on semantic changes the verb “hangār- / hangārd” has gone through: In Middle Persian, “hangār- / hangārd” is a lexical verb meaning “to consider”. After going through certain semantic changes, the verb obtains the meanings “to count” and “to assume”. Later on, the second-person singular imperative form of the verb shifts to the beginning of the clause which leads the noun phrase object to be replaced by a subordinate clause. Such changes speed up the progress of grammaticalization and make it easier for “engâr” to be reanalyzed as an adverb. After being decategorized, “engâr” is used as a modal adverb to indicate hypothetical actions and irrealis modality. On the other hand, there is a grammatical rule in Middle Persian according to which, the morpheme “ē” can be added to present stem of the verbs to construct the optative mood mainly functioning as a device to imply irrealis modality. This applies to “engâri” which is reanalyzed as an adverb indicating simile, allegory, doubt and uncertainty since in New Persian, modality is more expressed by linguistic devices such as modal verbs and adverbs than the verb moods. Phonological changes lead speakers to reanalyze “engâri” and consider it to be originated from second-person singular verb due to resemblance in orthography and pronunciation.

Analyzing the Pronunciation of Two Persian Homofunction-homogragh Conjunctions in Various Environments

Bashir Jam

Volume 12, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 49-70

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2021.318522.666697

Abstract

Persian uses [o] and [va] as two conjunctions, both of which mean ‘and’. Interestingly, both are represented by the grapheme <و> in the Persian orthography. Accordingly, ... Read More Persian uses [o] and [va] as two conjunctions, both of which mean ‘and’. Interestingly, both are represented by the grapheme <و> in the Persian orthography. Accordingly, they are considered homofunction-homogragh conjunctions in the present research. The morpheme [o] is an enclitic that has reached the Modern Persian from the past after undergoing some phonological and categorical changes. The morpheme [va] is an Arabic loanword. The main reason for borrowing it from Arabic was to compensate for the impossibility of applying [o] in an environment where there is no host for [o] to attach to, or there is a pause between the host and [o]. Moreover, a speaker can produce [o] or [va] if he chooses not to pause after producing a word. This research aimed at analyzing the pronunciation of these conjunctions in various phonological environments applying optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004). In so doing, the constraints whose interactions within the rankings determine the pronunciation of these conjunctions are discussed. As the results regarding the enclitic conjunction [o] indicate, in case the first part of the parallel structure ends in a consonant, it will undergo resyllabification. However, if the first part of the parallel structure ends in a vowel, an intervocalic consonant will be inserted between it and the enclitic [o] to resolve hiatus. More specifically, if the first part of the parallel structure ends in one of the vowels [i], [u] or [o], the intervocalic consonant will share the same feature with them. But as other Persian vowels [e], [a] or [A] do not share a significant feature with Persian common intervocalic consonants, the intervocalic consonant will share the same feature with the enclitic [o]. Finally, when the conjunction /va/ conjoins a word starting with a long vowel, a ranking which contains a specific type of MAX constraint resolves hiatus by deleting /a/ and preserving the long vowel.

Phonological Analysis of Modern Persian Irregular Verbs: An Optimality Approach

Fatemeh Karampour Zahra Cheraghi

Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2011, , Pages 51-82

Abstract

This paper provides an analysis of Persian verbs within the framework of Optimality theory. To be more specific, it mainly cocentrates on past and present stems of Persian verbs. Since ... Read More

Mukri Pronominal Clitics in Prepositional Phrase: An Optimality Theorectic

Ghader Allahweisiazar; Vahid Gholami; Omid Varzandeh

Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2022, , Pages 51-76

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2022.329760.666742

Abstract

Historical linguistic studies on words lead to the genesis of clitics. Clitics function like independent words but they are phonologically dependent and in order to be pronounced ... Read More Historical linguistic studies on words lead to the genesis of clitics. Clitics function like independent words but they are phonologically dependent and in order to be pronounced they attach to neighboring elements. Clitics’ attachment to their hosts can appear in different forms: proclitic, mesoclitic, endoclitics and enclitic. They are very important because clitics are where morphology, syntax, and phonology meet. Mukri Kurdish clitics which are highly mobile can be hosted by different categories including prepositions. Two groups of adpositions are found in Mukri which appear as both preposition and postposition. MacKenzie recognizes two kinds of prepositions in 'Mukri: simple prepositions and absolute forms. The prepositions of the first group occur immediately before a noun (or a noun phrase) and a pronoun which they govern, while the absolute forms which are fewer in number cannot occur before an independent noun, a noun phrase or an independent pronoun and can take only clitics as their complements. Besides the aforementioned ones, compound prepositions and circumpositions are also found in Mukri. Circumpositions can be both simple and complex. Simple circumpositions can take only nominal complements but the complex circumpositions can take both clitics and full forms as their complements. The present article tries to investigate the interaction of different kinds of Mukri adpositons with pronominal clitics using Optimality Theory constraints in Prepositional Phrase (PP). The constraints which play a role in clitic placement within PPs are NonInitial (cli, PP), Integrity (PP) and LeftMost (cli, L, PP). Data analysis against Optimality Theory constraints showed that constraints NonInitial (cli, PP) and Integrity (PP) dominate LeftMost (cli, L, PP). Finally it was concluded that Mukri Kurdish pronominal clitics appear in the second position. The research method of this article is descriptive – analytic and fieldwork. To collect the data the main author’s intuition as the native speaker of Mukri, 20 hours recorded speech, Mukri Kurdish sites and newspapers have been used.

Semantic Aspects of "bayad" (must) in Persian

Mohammad Amouzade; Hadaegh Rezaei

Volume 1, Issue 1 , November 2010

Abstract

“ba:y?d” as a Persian lexeme is interwoven with modality, a semantic category and therefore has a complicated and thought- provoking semantic nature. This paper uses evidence from ... Read More

Modal Functions of Tense in Persian

Mohammad Amuzadeh; Hadaegh Rezaei

Volume 3, Issue 1 , October 2013, , Pages 53-76

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2012.30295

Abstract

In contrast to the grammatical category of mood in Persian which has been subject to a number of studies, modality as a semantic category has not received the due attention it deserves. ... Read More

An Etymological Study of some Hōrāmian Verbs

Hossein Solgi; Rahan Bakhtiari

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2011, , Pages 57-75

Abstract

H?r?m? is a g?r?n? dialect and subset of G?r?n?-Z?z? linguistic branch and is considered as one of northwest Iranian dialects. H?r?m? is a preserved dialect and have preserved the ... Read More

Place Assimilation in the Persian Coronal Nasal: Categorical or Gradient?

Vahid Sadeghi

Volume 3, Issue 2 , January 2013, , Pages 57-75

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2013.35361

Abstract

This study focuses on one particular sound change common in conversational speech, in which coronal nasal consonants undergo place assimilation toward the following syllable- or word-initial ... Read More

A Comparison of Derivation in Scientific and Colloquial Varieties in Persian

Majid Abbasi; Adel Rafiei

Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 57-74

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.52660

Abstract

This paper studies derivation in scientific and colloquial varieties in Persian, and seeks to determine the frequency and manner of this process in each of the above-mentioned varieties ... Read More

Phrase Accent in Persian Intonational Phonology

Vahid Sadeghi

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 57-76

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.54185

Abstract

This article addresses the phonetic and phonological representation of H- phrase accent in the tonal structure of Persian pre-nuclear accents. In an experimental study, three groups ... Read More

Discursive –semiotics Criticism of Personification as a Process in Literary Discourse: A Case Study of “the Mouse” by Choobak’

Pantea Nabian; Hamid Reza Shairi

Volume 7, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 57-76

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.59414

Abstract

Personification is a tool that a writer uses to change the objective position of words into the subjective form. Using personification, writers show their creativity. Attributing human ... Read More

The Study of Reduplication Process in Kurdish Language Within Optimality Theory

Seyed Mohammad Rzinejad; Farideh Allahyari

Volume 7, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 59-75

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.61525

Abstract

The process of word formation is an important subject in morphology. Among the word-formation processes, the reduplication process is common in most languages. Different studies in ... Read More

Truncated Impersonal Constructions in Persian: A Cognitive Approach

Sahar Bahrami-Khorshid; Arsalan Golfam; Sedigheh Saeedizadeh

Volume 8, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 59-77

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2017.63135

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to study the truncated impersonal constructions in Persian within the framework of Cognitive Grammar. This type is made up of a modal and a truncated ... Read More

Force-dynamics and Polysemy in LVCs Formed by Gereftan

Reza Soltani; Mohammad Amouzadeh; Hadaegh Rezaei

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 59-78

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.65515

Abstract

Light verbs are generally considered a special grammatical category which have little semantic contribution to verb phrases, and therefore few studies have explored the light-heavy ... Read More

Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2017)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2015)

Volume 5 (2014)

Volume 4 (2013)

Volume 3 (2012)

Volume 2 (2012)

Volume 1 (2010)

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