Language Research - Articles in Press

Discourse Expectations and Reading Processing of Subject and Object Relative Clauses in Persian Language

Shahla Raghibdoust; Shohre Sadeghi

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 107-127

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2019.283483.666520

Abstract

Numerous studies in different languages have shown that, in general, subject relative clauses are easier and faster to process than object relative clauses. However, there are discourse ... Read More Numerous studies in different languages have shown that, in general, subject relative clauses are easier and faster to process than object relative clauses. However, there are discourse expectations that are specific to object relative clauses and influence their processing. According to Fox and Thompson (1990), object relative clauses have a strong association with a discourse grounding function, while subject relative clauses are associated with other functions, such as introducing new information about modified noun phrases. So, the difficulty in processing object relative clauses could be due to the unexpectedness of encountering new information, and more specifically, to the embedded noun phrase not referring back to the topic of conversation. On this basis, if subject relative clauses occur isolated from the discourse context and their embedded noun phrases are not mentioned previously, no difference will be found in their processing speed. By contrast, when the referent of the embedded noun phrase of object relative clauses is the ongoing topic in the preceding context, their processing speed probably would be faster. The main aim of this research is to investigate the comprehension speed and accuracy of full noun phrase subject and object relative clauses in the presence of a context (a sentence before subject and object relative structures). Researchers investigated the processing speed of different regions of subject and object relative clauses in two conditions, using self-paced reading experiment. In the first condition, the embedded noun phrase of the subject and object relative clauses was not mentioned in the preceding sentence (neutral context), and in the second one, the embedded noun phrase of the subject and object relative clauses was the topic of the preceding sentence (topical context). 40 mono lingual, Persian speaking normal adults participated in this research. The findings indicated that discourse factors would help to ease the processing of object relative clauses, and processing object relative clauses preceded by the topical context is faster than subject relative clauses in a similar context.

The Effect of Persian Conjunctions Use on Azerbaijani Turkish

abdolhossein heydari

Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 109-128

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.74548

Abstract

The aim of this research is to study the borrowing of Persian conjunctions by speakers of Azerbayjani Turkish and its effect on their language. Data were collected from Azerbayjani ... Read More

The Role of Syntactic Head and Constituent Position in Processing Root Compound Nouns: Evidence from People with Broca Aphasia

Mousa Ghonchepour; Shahla Raghibdoust

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 121-145

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2020.299780.666593

Abstract

This study investigates the way head initial and head final root compound nouns comprising of noun-noun constituents are processed. It also investigates the role of their syntactic ... Read More

The Effect of Gender in The Use of The Modal Adjuncts in The Writings of Advanced Foreign Learners of Persian Language Based on Functional Grammar

Ebrahim Rezapour; Abolfazl Mouchani

Volume 12, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 121-143

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2021.314508.666671

Abstract

For many years, researchers have attempted to discover the complex interrelationship between language and gender. This research investigated modal adjuncts usage in the writings of ... Read More For many years, researchers have attempted to discover the complex interrelationship between language and gender. This research investigated modal adjuncts usage in the writings of female and male learners of Persian as a second language. This research has been done based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar approach, because, this theoretical framework provides a systemic method for text analysis. Regarding the impact of gender on the writings of Persian language speakers, valuable studies have been done so far, but no research has investigated the impact of gender on the modal adjuncts usage in the writings of learners of Persian as a second language. In fact, this research has been done to investigate the impact of gender on different modal adjuncts usage in the writings of learners of Persian as a second language based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar approach. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic method. The population of this study included advanced learners of Persian as a second language which studied at Persian Language Center of Ferdowsi University. This field study used random sampling for participant selection. data were collected through tests and writing assignments. The sample and the corpus of this research was the writings of 248 advanced female and male learners of Persian as a second language of the center for teaching Persian language in Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. First, the writings were classified based on gender (124 men and 124 women). Then, the modal adjuncts in the texts were identified based on the segmentation of Halliday; after that, the distribution of all modal adjuncts, was determined and shown by charts and compared. The chi - square statistical test was used to study the significance of differences between men and women. The results indicated that the modality adjuncts were the most frequent modal adjuncts in the writings of the participants. The results showed differences across males and females. Women used modal adjuncts that showed uncertainty in their writings more than men and men have used modal adjuncts that showed certainty in their writings more than women. Lakoff (1975) says that women are systematically taught to speak with specific language features, and those language features are associated with a lack of power. Also, the results indicated that women have used comment adjuncts more than men. James and Drakich (1993, pp. 302–3) said women are expected to talk, and do talk, about personal feelings and other socioemotional matters relevant to interpersonal relationships to a greater extent than men.

Significations and Grammatical Functions of Pre/postpositions in Sassanian Pahlavi and Manichaean Middle Persian

Ajideh Moghaddam

Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2011, , Pages 129-156

Abstract

Sassanian Pahlavi and Manichaean Middle Persian Pre/postpositions cover a relatively vast spectrum of meanings. By reference to the different components of the sentence, they act as ... Read More

A Review of " The structure of the Persian Language": A review of revie and review criteria approach"

Leyla Sharifi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , November 2010

Abstract

نقد حاضر، نقدی صورتگرایانه در کنار نقد دانشگاهی است. در یک تعریف کلّی و عام، نقد صورتگرایانه (فرمالیستی)، ... Read More

Model for the Concept of Time in Persian Speakers’ Minds: Based on Metaphoric Gestures

Fahimeh Nasib Zarraby; Mohammadreza Pahlavannezhad

Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 109-127

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.52663

Abstract

This paper presents a study examining how Persian speakers use metaphoric gestures to represent different adverbs of time, and what these gestures reveal about the concept of time in ... Read More

Middle Verbs and Their Study in Younger Avesta Part I: Middle Verb

Azhideh Moqaddam; Narges Ne’matollahi

Volume 3, Issue 2 , January 2013, , Pages 111-129

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2013.35364

Abstract

Time, aspect, person, number and active and middle voices are the categories based on which the verbal structure of the ancient Iranian languages are studied. According to the prevailing ... Read More

Conceptual metaphor in a Khotanese text

Seyyed Fatemeh Musavi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , April 2013, , Pages 111-127

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2013.35930

Abstract

Cognitive science has found out that languages typically make use of conceptual metaphors to concretize abstract meanings. Conceptual metaphor explains a target domain which is abstract ... Read More

Marked Ergative Constructions in Hawrami: The Opposition of Two Minimalist Approaches

Zaniar Naghshbandi

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 113-132

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.54188

Abstract

The present paper seeks to present a minimalist account for the derivational process of marked ergative constructions in Hawrami in terms of Phase Theory (Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2004; ... Read More

A Cognitive Approach to the Context Synonymy in Persian Verbs

Raheleh Gandomkar

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2011, , Pages 115-125

Abstract

Cognitive semantic approach, which deals with the "cognition" of human being, tries to explain the way of human understanding by means of different tools, such as image schema. In ... Read More

Grammaticalization and Metaphorical Extension

Mehrdad Naghzguy Kohan; Mohammad Naghzguy Kohan

Volume 3, Issue 1 , October 2013, , Pages 117-134

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2012.30298

Abstract

Grammaticalization provides a framework to study the genesis and development of grammatical forms in language. In this framework, it is argued that new grammatical forms are constantly ... Read More

The Semantic Network of “Gereftan” in Persian Based on Principled Polysemy Model

Mohammad Amozadeh; Gholamhossein Karimi Doostan; Babak Sharif

Volume 7, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 117-136

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.59419

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the semantics of the Persian verb “gereftan” by providing a transparent picture of its polysemous nature. The data under study are gathered ... Read More

Bīstūn and Zaristūn Yesterday … Today

Azhideh Moqaddam

Volume 7, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 117-130

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.61528

Abstract

“Zaristūn” the princess whose name is mentioned beside the name of her sister “Bēstūn” in the Pahlavi book of Ayādgār ī Zarērān is a daughter of Arjāsp, ... Read More

Vowel Hiatus in Surani Kurdish

Vahid Sadeghi; Solmaz Sadeghi

Volume 8, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 117-136

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2017.63142

Abstract

This paper addresses the different repair strategies applied in the Surani Kurdish language for the correction of vowel hiatus, cross-linguistically known as a phonologically marked ... Read More

A Pragmatic Competence Analysis of Gratitude Strategies in English Used by EFL Teachers Regarding Their Academic Discipline

Rouhollah Yaghoubi; Ferdows Aghagolzadeh; Arsalan Golfam

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 117-131

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.65518

Abstract

Providing knowledge for effective communication cannot just be limited to teaching linguistic information, and pragmatic competence should also be considered. Since the main goal of ... Read More

The Role of Orthography in Facilitation of the Perception of Heterographic Homophones

Fahimeh Nasib Zarraby; Shahla Sharifi

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2015, , Pages 119-135

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.56646

Abstract

The role of orthography in difficult speech perception tasks has already been proved (Dehaene & Cohen, 2011). Since the processing of heterographic homophones is believed to be ... Read More

A criticism of “Syncretism of Path Expressions in Selected Iranian Languages: A Nanosyntax Approach”

Ebrahim Moradi

Volume 9, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 119-128

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.66653

Abstract

This paper is a criticism of Dabirmoghaddam and Naseri (1396 [2017]). Although the evaluated work introduces a new approach and deals with the less studied category, namely preposition, ... Read More

The Process of Morph-movement due to Morpho-phonological Reasons: The Analysis of a Case in Kalhori Kurdish

Mehdi Fattahi; Aliyeh Kurd-e Zafaranlu Kambuziya

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 121-140

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.50276

Abstract

In the classification of morpho-phonological processes of different languages proposed by Jensen (1990), the least frequent process is perhaps the one related to morph-movement due ... Read More

Synchronic Multifunctionality of the Discourse Marker Hâlâ ('now') from the Perspective of (Inter)subjectification

Azam Noora

Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2016, , Pages 121-140

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.57510

Abstract

Adopting a discourse-pragmatic approach, this study examines the synchronic multifunctionality of the discourse marker hâlâ from the perspective of (inter)subjectification. ... Read More

Inscriptional Literature: A Review of Parthian Inscription of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab: Godarz Son of Gew or Godarz Son of Ardawan

Cyrus Nasrollahzadeh

Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2011, , Pages 129-156

Abstract

The present paper is about an inscription from the Parthian era which has been found in the town of Sar-e Pol-e Zohab in the province of Kirmanshah. This Parthian bas-relief is about ... Read More

Toward a Cognitive Taxonomy for Explicitating Shifts in Translation

Soheil Daneshzadeh; Ali Afkhami; Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari

Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 129-150

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.69532

Abstract

In this paper, we attempt to present an alternative approach to the concept of translational explicitaion. First, we shortly evaluate the validity of a fundamental presupposition widespread ... Read More

Antonym Sequence in Persian: A Corpus-Based Study

Mandana Kolahdouz Mohamadi; Ali Reza Gholi Famian; Ferdows Aghagolzadeh

Volume 10, Issue 1 , June 2019, , Pages 129-140

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2019.72004

Abstract

Antonymy is a kind of lexical-semantic relationship between two words that are similar in many aspects out imply opposite meanings. The few previous studies as well as the authors’ ... Read More Antonymy is a kind of lexical-semantic relationship between two words that are similar in many aspects out imply opposite meanings. The few previous studies as well as the authors’ initial study on the oral and written corpus reveal that antonyms’ sequence is subject to a hidden regularity. In the study of antonyms’ distribution, their sequence, i.e. A-B or B-A is considered. Earlier studies and observations of writers regarding oral and written corpus indicates a hidden order in the sequence of antonymous pairs. Jones (2002) attempts to reveal this order in light of seven rules, i.e., morphological derivation, positivity, magnitude, chronology, gender, phonology and idiomaticity. In this study, we investigated the sequence of antonymous pairs in a researcher made Persian corpus. The detected and extracted samples include 4000 sentences taken from written and oral genres produced since 1970s to 2010s in Iranian mass media. The texts include journalistic, narrative and scientific texts as well as oral files extracted from movies, TV, and radio programs. To consider radical changes in Persian language, texts exchanged in virtual space such as facebook messages are also taken into account. The diversity of subject and historical order of the texts would help up to work on a natural, well-balanced corpus, and would provide us a platform for a diachronic approach. The samples are collected randomly. As far as the part of speech is concerned, in forming antonymous pairs, the category of nouns tops followed respectively by verbs, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns. The findings indicate that the framework introduced in Jones (2002) could explain almost half of the sequences attested in the corpus. Rules of idiomaticity, phonology, positivity, morphological derivation are more effective and in some cases the cultural and contextual differences may explain the sequence. It was also revealed that the unmarked member mostly precedes the marked one. This finding is consistent with previous studies conducted on markedness.

The Corpus- based Investigation of Interactive Metadiscourse in the Persian Research Articles: Hylandʼs Model (2005)

Tahereh Taremi; Giti Taki; pakzad yousefian

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 129-151

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2019.278187.666490

Abstract

Metadiscourse as a key term in discourse analysis involves coherensive and interpersonal features which helps the connection between the text and the context with the aim of communicating ... Read More Metadiscourse as a key term in discourse analysis involves coherensive and interpersonal features which helps the connection between the text and the context with the aim of communicating with the audience, organizing the text and interpreting it by the audience. To achieve a coherent text in academic discourse, authors should use metadiscourse, its types including interactive and interactional metadiscourse and their strategies appropriately. So, the nature and the distribution of metadiscourse is of significance regarding their related scientific fields. The present study seeks to explore “interactive metadiscourse” based on Hylandʼs model (2005) and corpus-based approach in the specified instance of Persian academic discourse which is referent researches. Interactive metadiscourse is used to organize the propositional informations of the text with five strategies including transitions, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials and code glosses. The aim of this study is determining and comparing the frequency of occurrences of different kinds of interactive metadiscourse markers in referent researches. Hence, we identified and extracted the interactive metadiscourse markers in 120 Persian referent researches of various scientific fields on humanities, basic science and engineering using Mahak Samim corpus and AntConc software program then we investigated them by manual method too and classified them in five groups of metadiscoursal strategies. Data analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the use of interactive metadiscourse markers in Persian referent researches of three scientific disciplines. This result indicates that although scientific articles belong to a unitary genre (academic discourse), they are also affected by the nature of the affiliated fields. Likewise, surveying interactive metadiscourse strategies shows that only “frame markers” are distributed equally among three scientific fields and the significant differences in the frequency of occurrences of transitions, endophoric markers, evidentials and code glosses among studied scientific fields are confirmed.

Pronominal Clitics in North and South Bashāgardi; A Typological Analysis

Sepehr Seddiqi-nejad; Abbas Ali Ahangar; Behrooz Barjasteh Delforooz; ُShahla Sharifi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 145-168

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2020.283121.666516

Abstract

From past decades, the study of “clitic”, as a dependent and intermediate element that simultaneously represents some shared properties of the two morpheme types - “free ... Read More From past decades, the study of “clitic”, as a dependent and intermediate element that simultaneously represents some shared properties of the two morpheme types - “free word” and “affix”, has been the center of attention for different linguistic approaches as well as the investigation issue for scholars from different linguistic fields. Among them, by focusing on distinctive features as well as discovering and proposing universal parameters for clitics, language typologists have also played a crucial role in identifying, analyzing and explaining their typological behavior and, as a result, have paved very effective steps in developing the studies for this challenging linguistic unit. Considering the determinant position and the undeniable importance of analyzing under-studied linguistic variants in typological surveys, the present study tries to evaluate and analyze the North and South Bashāgardi pronominal clitics based on Aikhenvald’s (2003) typological model and universal parameters, and hence, to achieve a theoretical explanation for their typological nature, characteristics, tendencies and behavior. To this end, the research intended linguistic corpus was collected in a natural environment of language use by fieldwork method and via questionnaires, translating selected structures and sentences, and recording the free speech of eight (five men and three women) native, middle-plus aged, illiterate, and permanent resident informants, and then was transcribed and analyzed. According to the authors’ initial hypothesis, the nature, tendencies, and behavior of the investigated elements in Bashāgardi are compatible with Aikhenvald (2003)’s proposed universals for clitics. In like manner, the research findings overtly show that the clitics’ universal properties and typological behaviors and tendencies, such as freedom in host selection, non-correlation with phonological words, correlation with syntactic words, appearance after all affix types, and having phonological coherence, idiosyncratic phonotactics, segmental structure, syntactic order, syntactic domain and syntactic rules are implemented in Bashāgardi clitics along with possible theoretical explanations for those properties and tendencies. As a result, the typological parameters of the documented research model maximally approve the authors’ hypothesis and hence, the clitichood of all the studied elements.

Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2017)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2015)

Volume 5 (2014)

Volume 4 (2013)

Volume 3 (2012)

Volume 2 (2012)

Volume 1 (2010)

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract