University TehranLanguage Research2251-928915120240820Quantum Teaching Method and EFL Learners’ Writing Self-Efficacy: Learners’ Perceptions in FocusQuantum Teaching Method and EFL Learners’ Writing Self-Efficacy: Learners’ Perceptions in Focus1279822010.22059/jolr.2024.376628.666885FAZahraAhmadpourAssistant Professor of Language and Literature Department, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.0000-0001-8794-882XZohreGooniband ShooshtariAssociate Professor of Language and Literature Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.Journal Article20240517
The Quantum Teaching Method (QTM) is an approach that emphasizes active student engagement, critical thinking, and a deep understanding of subject matter. This method has been gaining popularity in recent years as a way to enhance student learning outcomes. Accordingly, this study aimed at exploring the effect of QTM on EFL learners’ writing self-efficacy while focusing on learners’ perceptions. The participants comprised 95 Iranian intermediate EFL learners who were placed into two groups. The first group consisting of 47 learners was assigned to the experimental group and another group comprising 48 learners was regarded as the control group. Prior to treatment, a writing self-efficacy questionnaire was administered to both groups as pretest. Next, the experimental group was exposed to QTM for writing instruction while the control group received conventional writing instruction. After treatment, both groups took the writing self-efficacy questionnaire as posttest. Moreover, 20 participants from the experimental group took part in semi-structured interviews. The results of One-way ANCOVA indicated that QTM positively affected EFL learners’ writing self-efficacy. The results of qualitative analysis revealed five themes including increased confidence, improved writing skills, positive learning experiences, personalized learning, and possible long-term effect as the effective factors embedded in QTM for improving EFL learners’ writing self-efficacy. Based on the results, EFL teachers are encouraged to employ QTM to enhance learners’ writing self-efficacy
The Quantum Teaching Method (QTM) is an approach that emphasizes active student engagement, critical thinking, and a deep understanding of subject matter. This method has been gaining popularity in recent years as a way to enhance student learning outcomes. Accordingly, this study aimed at exploring the effect of QTM on EFL learners’ writing self-efficacy while focusing on learners’ perceptions. The participants comprised 95 Iranian intermediate EFL learners who were placed into two groups. The first group consisting of 47 learners was assigned to the experimental group and another group comprising 48 learners was regarded as the control group. Prior to treatment, a writing self-efficacy questionnaire was administered to both groups as pretest. Next, the experimental group was exposed to QTM for writing instruction while the control group received conventional writing instruction. After treatment, both groups took the writing self-efficacy questionnaire as posttest. Moreover, 20 participants from the experimental group took part in semi-structured interviews. The results of One-way ANCOVA indicated that QTM positively affected EFL learners’ writing self-efficacy. The results of qualitative analysis revealed five themes including increased confidence, improved writing skills, positive learning experiences, personalized learning, and possible long-term effect as the effective factors embedded in QTM for improving EFL learners’ writing self-efficacy. Based on the results, EFL teachers are encouraged to employ QTM to enhance learners’ writing self-efficacyhttps://jolr.ut.ac.ir/article_98220_247ae12451e8fc630db86b7a2a2495e5.pdfUniversity TehranLanguage Research2251-928915120240820The Study of Persian Effect on Azerbaijani Relative Clause StructureThe Study of Persian Effect on Azerbaijani Relative Clause Structure29459822510.22059/jolr.2024.367930.666867FAAbdolhosseinHeydariDepartment of English Language Teaching, Farhangian University, P. O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-1355-0912Journal Article20231110
The aim of this paper is to study Persian effect on the relative clause construction of Azerbaijani. The data have been collected from the different contexts of Azerbaijani speakers’ speech in Ardabil province. At first the data were classified in two groups: head final relative clauses and head initial relative clauses. Then they were analyzed according to views common in language contact phenomenon including Heine (2006). So this research is descriptive-analytic. Azerbaijani allows the nouns with different grammatical functions (subject, direct object, indirect object, object of postposition, genitive, object of comparison) to be relativized like other languages in the world. In addition to head final relative clauses (common in Turkish languages), most of the data have been produced according to Persian relative clause structure (head initial pattern) by borrowing Persian “Ke” morpheme. Previous Azerbaijani language researchers have considered head initial relative clause as a borrowed structure from Persian to Azerbaijani. But the findings of this research show that head initial relative clause structure is an Azerbaijani native structure used in the special context limitedly without the appearance of Persian “Ke” morpheme. Persian and Azerbaijani can be considered as model and replica languages respectively in the language contact situation. Azerbaijani speakers use a strategy such as the extending strategy to increase the frequency of head initial relative clause structure matching that of Persian by borrowing Persian “Ke” morpheme, as Heine (2006) has showed the use of this strategy in the contact situation of some languages. Azerbaijani speakers choose among two alternative structures (head final and head initial relative clause structures), the one corresponding to Persian relative clause structure. Azerbaijani speakers’ extended use of head initial relative clauses is as a result of Azerbaijani convergence with Persian that is a common phenomenon due to the language contact occurring in multilingual societies
The aim of this paper is to study Persian effect on the relative clause construction of Azerbaijani. The data have been collected from the different contexts of Azerbaijani speakers’ speech in Ardabil province. At first the data were classified in two groups: head final relative clauses and head initial relative clauses. Then they were analyzed according to views common in language contact phenomenon including Heine (2006). So this research is descriptive-analytic. Azerbaijani allows the nouns with different grammatical functions (subject, direct object, indirect object, object of postposition, genitive, object of comparison) to be relativized like other languages in the world. In addition to head final relative clauses (common in Turkish languages), most of the data have been produced according to Persian relative clause structure (head initial pattern) by borrowing Persian “Ke” morpheme. Previous Azerbaijani language researchers have considered head initial relative clause as a borrowed structure from Persian to Azerbaijani. But the findings of this research show that head initial relative clause structure is an Azerbaijani native structure used in the special context limitedly without the appearance of Persian “Ke” morpheme. Persian and Azerbaijani can be considered as model and replica languages respectively in the language contact situation. Azerbaijani speakers use a strategy such as the extending strategy to increase the frequency of head initial relative clause structure matching that of Persian by borrowing Persian “Ke” morpheme, as Heine (2006) has showed the use of this strategy in the contact situation of some languages. Azerbaijani speakers choose among two alternative structures (head final and head initial relative clause structures), the one corresponding to Persian relative clause structure. Azerbaijani speakers’ extended use of head initial relative clauses is as a result of Azerbaijani convergence with Persian that is a common phenomenon due to the language contact occurring in multilingual societieshttps://jolr.ut.ac.ir/article_98225_0cdf01fdac4040de7350a365791265f4.pdfUniversity TehranLanguage Research2251-928915120240820A Review of Phonemic Awareness Role in Reducing Vowel Errors of English Language Learners Based on Cognitive Phonology ApproachA Review of Phonemic Awareness Role in Reducing Vowel Errors of English Language Learners Based on Cognitive Phonology Approach47699822410.22059/jolr.2024.370548.666874FANahidKhosraviPh.D. Candidate in limguistics. Islamic Azad University, Faculty of foreign languages, Tehran brach, Tehran, Iran.0009-0005-8317-2469MaryamIrajiAssistant professor of Islamic Azad University Faculty of foreign languages. Central Tehran Branch, Director of the Department of linguistics and Armanian languages, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-7026-7606BahramModaresiAssistant professor, Islamic Azad University Faculty of foreign languages, central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.0009-0002-7779-3582Journal Article20240103
Phonology is the study of phonemic system in language and our perception of phonemic production in learning is noticeable cognitively and phonologically.phonemic awareness is a background for language skills such as reading, writing and spelling during school and the next year stages. In the stages of second language acquisition, phonemic awareness should be strengthened more than before. The existence of a processing system is essential for phonemic skills. According to the Fraser's Cognitive phonology framework 2010, the pronunciation problems are basically conceptual. phonemes are representation of abstract concepts and a background knowledge is necessary for their interpretation to associate them with the verbal method. Abstract phonological schemas should be perceived as a conceptual system and be related to the real world ,therefore we can achieve some linguistic improvments in other area of language by phonemic awareness skills. In this research investigating vocalic errors using the field method through a questionnaire and audio recording by text reading of students in two classes of 10 persons was done in two tests. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the research is among 80 students from Tehran University of applied sciences ,using SPSS software and Cronbach's AFFA. The results show that phonemic awareness and meaningful communicational base is as an important basis in second language learning in cognitive approach point of view
Phonology is the study of phonemic system in language and our perception of phonemic production in learning is noticeable cognitively and phonologically.phonemic awareness is a background for language skills such as reading, writing and spelling during school and the next year stages. In the stages of second language acquisition, phonemic awareness should be strengthened more than before. The existence of a processing system is essential for phonemic skills. According to the Fraser's Cognitive phonology framework 2010, the pronunciation problems are basically conceptual. phonemes are representation of abstract concepts and a background knowledge is necessary for their interpretation to associate them with the verbal method. Abstract phonological schemas should be perceived as a conceptual system and be related to the real world ,therefore we can achieve some linguistic improvments in other area of language by phonemic awareness skills. In this research investigating vocalic errors using the field method through a questionnaire and audio recording by text reading of students in two classes of 10 persons was done in two tests. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the research is among 80 students from Tehran University of applied sciences ,using SPSS software and Cronbach's AFFA. The results show that phonemic awareness and meaningful communicational base is as an important basis in second language learning in cognitive approach point of viewhttps://jolr.ut.ac.ir/article_98224_c4692924870a822be3f31684e88cc0f8.pdfUniversity TehranLanguage Research2251-928915120240820Syntax of Vocative Phrase in Persian A Feature-based ApproachSyntax of Vocative Phrase in Persian A Feature-based Approach71939822610.22059/jolr.2021.317428.666691FAMinaRezvanianPh.D. Candidate General Linguistics, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.َAliDarziProfessor of General Linguistics, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20210117
The Vocative construction is one of the earliest conceptions acquired by children. So it must be a universal phenomenon. It is surprising that it had been rarely studied. While the vocative is a building block of sentences, although non-obligatory, it has often been approached from a non-linguistics perspective. This paper aims to investigate both the internal/syntactic structure of the vocative phrase and its syntactic position in Persian within the framework of Minimalist Theory. To do this, the data are collected addressee, which is identified by the vocative phrase (VocP), is a functional projection derived by a bundle of morpho-syntactic and semantic features. In the one hand, the projection is located above the functional projections of the nominal domain and the determiner phrase (DP). On the other hand, it is located in the left periphery of the sentence. The vocative phrase located between the topicalized and focused phrases as a result of topic and focus movement in the language. The phrase may or may not be co-indexed with a constituent in the main clause. Although vocative phrases are not morphologically marked in Modern Persian, there are elements such as “Ey”, “Âhây” and “hey” which are sign of vocative in Persian, named vocative particles. These particles are optional, however, located in the vocative phrase. The particles, also, are different stylistically. The fisrt one is used in literary style and the second two particles are used in colloquial style. Moreover, the vocative head is shown to take a DP complement. The DP merges with the head of the phrase, as its complement Vocative particles are proposed to bear an uninterpretable D-feature along with the some other morpho-syntactic features. Checking these features make the DP complement to be interpreted as vocative in the LF, namely the vocative DP. The distribution of vocative particles indicates that the “EY” particle is a bound morpheme but “Âhây” and “Hey” are free morphemes. The projection is prosodically marked by pause and linearly followed by a comma
The Vocative construction is one of the earliest conceptions acquired by children. So it must be a universal phenomenon. It is surprising that it had been rarely studied. While the vocative is a building block of sentences, although non-obligatory, it has often been approached from a non-linguistics perspective. This paper aims to investigate both the internal/syntactic structure of the vocative phrase and its syntactic position in Persian within the framework of Minimalist Theory. To do this, the data are collected addressee, which is identified by the vocative phrase (VocP), is a functional projection derived by a bundle of morpho-syntactic and semantic features. In the one hand, the projection is located above the functional projections of the nominal domain and the determiner phrase (DP). On the other hand, it is located in the left periphery of the sentence. The vocative phrase located between the topicalized and focused phrases as a result of topic and focus movement in the language. The phrase may or may not be co-indexed with a constituent in the main clause. Although vocative phrases are not morphologically marked in Modern Persian, there are elements such as “Ey”, “Âhây” and “hey” which are sign of vocative in Persian, named vocative particles. These particles are optional, however, located in the vocative phrase. The particles, also, are different stylistically. The fisrt one is used in literary style and the second two particles are used in colloquial style. Moreover, the vocative head is shown to take a DP complement. The DP merges with the head of the phrase, as its complement Vocative particles are proposed to bear an uninterpretable D-feature along with the some other morpho-syntactic features. Checking these features make the DP complement to be interpreted as vocative in the LF, namely the vocative DP. The distribution of vocative particles indicates that the “EY” particle is a bound morpheme but “Âhây” and “Hey” are free morphemes. The projection is prosodically marked by pause and linearly followed by a commahttps://jolr.ut.ac.ir/article_98226_d85ed72d50b2ea0c738a6d181ea5749c.pdfUniversity TehranLanguage Research2251-928915120240722Politeness in Iranian Sign Language: Analysis of Non-Manual FeaturesPoliteness in Iranian Sign Language: Analysis of Non-Manual Features951219822110.22059/jolr.2024.365113.666856FABehzadRahbarAssistant Professor Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9275-8251MasoumehKhoshandam MallatiMA in Linguistics, Faculty of Persian literature and foreign languages, Allameh Tabataba'i university, Tehran, Iran.0009-0005-3769-6253Journal Article20230910
translator<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><span class="trans_controls__description"> Double-click </span><br /><br /> The purpose of the present study was to investigate non-manual features (NMF) that convey politeness in Iranian sign language. The data was collected through interviews with 18 deaf people (including nine men, and nine women), and six hard-of-hearing women from Tehran, Zanjan, and Anzali. All the participants used the Iranian sign language and were of different ages and educational levels. The questions of this research are in the field of three speech acts requesting, rejecting, and apologizing. Non-manual features are a complex aspect of all sign languages and perform a range of grammatical and paralinguistic functions, and the second is highlighted in this study. For linguistic analysis, sign orders and the type of words were used first, and then the use of non-manual features with each sign was checked. According to the findings of this research, to convey politeness / impoliteness through Iranian sign language, it is not enough to use signs, and NMF complements the meaning. Non-manual features include movement of the body, head, eyes and eyebrows, lips, chin and nose. The data from this study shows that the movements of the body, head, eyebrow, eyes, and mouth gestures are crucial in every three speech acts. Results show that Squint is the most used NMF across requests, Side tilt is the most used NMF across rejections and polite pucker has the highest frequency of NMFs in apologies in the Iranian Sign Language. The type and extent of use of these NMFs are context-dependent. Distribution of these NMFs depends on context: formal or informal and the variety of functions. This research proved that non-manual features act as the equivalent of prosodic in the Iranian Sign language. The results of this research can help sociologists understand the culture of the deaf community, sign language researchers understand linguistic factors, and translators provide fluent translation
translator<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><span class="trans_controls__description"> Double-click </span><br /><br /> The purpose of the present study was to investigate non-manual features (NMF) that convey politeness in Iranian sign language. The data was collected through interviews with 18 deaf people (including nine men, and nine women), and six hard-of-hearing women from Tehran, Zanjan, and Anzali. All the participants used the Iranian sign language and were of different ages and educational levels. The questions of this research are in the field of three speech acts requesting, rejecting, and apologizing. Non-manual features are a complex aspect of all sign languages and perform a range of grammatical and paralinguistic functions, and the second is highlighted in this study. For linguistic analysis, sign orders and the type of words were used first, and then the use of non-manual features with each sign was checked. According to the findings of this research, to convey politeness / impoliteness through Iranian sign language, it is not enough to use signs, and NMF complements the meaning. Non-manual features include movement of the body, head, eyes and eyebrows, lips, chin and nose. The data from this study shows that the movements of the body, head, eyebrow, eyes, and mouth gestures are crucial in every three speech acts. Results show that Squint is the most used NMF across requests, Side tilt is the most used NMF across rejections and polite pucker has the highest frequency of NMFs in apologies in the Iranian Sign Language. The type and extent of use of these NMFs are context-dependent. Distribution of these NMFs depends on context: formal or informal and the variety of functions. This research proved that non-manual features act as the equivalent of prosodic in the Iranian Sign language. The results of this research can help sociologists understand the culture of the deaf community, sign language researchers understand linguistic factors, and translators provide fluent translationhttps://jolr.ut.ac.ir/article_98221_28bed8d6b28cdc5d989f7aefcd610922.pdfUniversity TehranLanguage Research2251-928915120240820A Socio-Semiotic Approach to Small World Phenomenon in Urban Linguistic Landscapes; A Case Study of TehranA Socio-Semiotic Approach to Small World Phenomenon in Urban Linguistic Landscapes; A Case Study of Tehran1231459822210.22059/jolr.2024.370301.666872FAAliReza Gholi FamianAssociate Professor of Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20231229
<br />In the 1960s, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment that later became established as Small World Phenomenon. According to this theory, there are on average up to six links between any two people anywhere in the world. To date, this theory has been used to analyze different networks and it is also believed that the emergence of social networks such as Facebook has been the result of the implementation of this theory. This study is based on the assumption that in language, which is basically a network of signifiers and signified, it is possible to observe traces of the Small World Phenomenon. To evaluate this hypothesis, a framework of language has been chosen which is known as linguistic landscape in sociolinguistics. The linguistic landscape refers to an area of the public space where linguistic elements can be seen on billboards, boards with various advertising and urban guidance functions, and the like. All linguistic signs in Vanak Square and 100 meters of the streets connected to the square were photographed and collected as research data. It was revealed that two factors, i.e. multilingualism and networking motivate and strengthen the Small World Phenomenon in linguistic landscapes. According to the findings, there is a non-Persian word or phrase in 39% of signs, especially in English. This relatively high rate of English in Vanak Square might have various reasons and consequences, but undoubtedly one consequence is that citizens and tourists feel they are in a global city, and thereby the Small World Phenomenon is induced in their minds. Networking tends to be a keyword in this theory. By reviewing the data, the researcher found that the linguistic signs of Vanak Square are connected with objective or abstract phenomena near and far by means of two types of references. In ‘spatial’ reference, a linguistic sign (such as ‘Kurdistan’) in the first layer refers the viewer to a highway in Tehran, but in an inner layer, reminds him of the province of ‘Kurdistan’, far from Tehran. Through ‘institutional’ referral, a link is established between a person or a small institution with a higher and typically larger institution. The caption ‘Ministry of Education, District 3, Tehran’ above the name of a school is a familiar example of institutional reference. The evaluation of the data by occupational categories shows that in some occupations, the use of non-Persian linguistic signs as well as spatial and institutional references are more common.
<br />In the 1960s, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment that later became established as Small World Phenomenon. According to this theory, there are on average up to six links between any two people anywhere in the world. To date, this theory has been used to analyze different networks and it is also believed that the emergence of social networks such as Facebook has been the result of the implementation of this theory. This study is based on the assumption that in language, which is basically a network of signifiers and signified, it is possible to observe traces of the Small World Phenomenon. To evaluate this hypothesis, a framework of language has been chosen which is known as linguistic landscape in sociolinguistics. The linguistic landscape refers to an area of the public space where linguistic elements can be seen on billboards, boards with various advertising and urban guidance functions, and the like. All linguistic signs in Vanak Square and 100 meters of the streets connected to the square were photographed and collected as research data. It was revealed that two factors, i.e. multilingualism and networking motivate and strengthen the Small World Phenomenon in linguistic landscapes. According to the findings, there is a non-Persian word or phrase in 39% of signs, especially in English. This relatively high rate of English in Vanak Square might have various reasons and consequences, but undoubtedly one consequence is that citizens and tourists feel they are in a global city, and thereby the Small World Phenomenon is induced in their minds. Networking tends to be a keyword in this theory. By reviewing the data, the researcher found that the linguistic signs of Vanak Square are connected with objective or abstract phenomena near and far by means of two types of references. In ‘spatial’ reference, a linguistic sign (such as ‘Kurdistan’) in the first layer refers the viewer to a highway in Tehran, but in an inner layer, reminds him of the province of ‘Kurdistan’, far from Tehran. Through ‘institutional’ referral, a link is established between a person or a small institution with a higher and typically larger institution. The caption ‘Ministry of Education, District 3, Tehran’ above the name of a school is a familiar example of institutional reference. The evaluation of the data by occupational categories shows that in some occupations, the use of non-Persian linguistic signs as well as spatial and institutional references are more common.https://jolr.ut.ac.ir/article_98222_d2de8f568ddc591f43e27a1d7dbc487e.pdfUniversity TehranLanguage Research2251-928915120240820A Study of Fusion in Persian and English Inflection Based on Natural Morphology TheoryA Study of Fusion in Persian and English Inflection Based on Natural Morphology Theory1471749822310.22059/jolr.2024.364792.666854FALeilaGholipour HasankiadehPhD Student of Linguistics Department, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3835-6382ForooghKazemiAssociate Professor of Linguistics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-6635-0036MaryamIrajiAssistant Professor of Linguistic Department., central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-7026-7606Journal Article20230903
Inflectional features of languages have diversity and each language utilizes a range of these features to express its grammatical relations. Sometimes, in an inflection of a grammatical category (such as a verb), the semantic conditions require that several inflectional features come into use simultaneously in order to express a correct and accurate description of the event. In this case, this simultaneity is formed in an interwoven manner in the application of inflectional values and the phenomenon of fusion occurs. The main goal of this research is to examine fusional forms, including pormanteau, suppletion and fusions in the inflection of two languages, English and Persian, based on natural morphology theory, in order to determine the naturalness of these forms in the grammatical categories of noun, verb, adjective and pronoun of both languages and answer the question that what are the similarities and differences of these two languages in terms of the degree of fusion and naturalness of inflection and inflectional rules. The Persian and English data are extracted from the Persian language database and Corpus of Contemporary American English respectively by random sampling based on the equal number of words, and then analyzed based on the natural morphology theory. The results signify that the phenomenon of fusion occurs in the inflection of both languages and can be noticed in the inflection of different grammatical categories in the form of cumulative, strong and weak suppletion and pormanteau. In both languages, the frequency of fusion in verbs is more than other categories, namely nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and this is one of the common features of these two languages. In the category of pronouns, in English, there is a greater diversity of fusion. One of the reasons is the presence of gender feature in English pronouns and its absence in Persian. The results of the research highlight the fact that the inflectional forms with infusion do not follow the most important principles of the theory of natural morphology, which is the existence of a biuniqueness between the form and the meaning. They distort the criteria of naturalness and cause a decrease in the naturalness of the Persian and English inflectional systems.
Inflectional features of languages have diversity and each language utilizes a range of these features to express its grammatical relations. Sometimes, in an inflection of a grammatical category (such as a verb), the semantic conditions require that several inflectional features come into use simultaneously in order to express a correct and accurate description of the event. In this case, this simultaneity is formed in an interwoven manner in the application of inflectional values and the phenomenon of fusion occurs. The main goal of this research is to examine fusional forms, including pormanteau, suppletion and fusions in the inflection of two languages, English and Persian, based on natural morphology theory, in order to determine the naturalness of these forms in the grammatical categories of noun, verb, adjective and pronoun of both languages and answer the question that what are the similarities and differences of these two languages in terms of the degree of fusion and naturalness of inflection and inflectional rules. The Persian and English data are extracted from the Persian language database and Corpus of Contemporary American English respectively by random sampling based on the equal number of words, and then analyzed based on the natural morphology theory. The results signify that the phenomenon of fusion occurs in the inflection of both languages and can be noticed in the inflection of different grammatical categories in the form of cumulative, strong and weak suppletion and pormanteau. In both languages, the frequency of fusion in verbs is more than other categories, namely nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and this is one of the common features of these two languages. In the category of pronouns, in English, there is a greater diversity of fusion. One of the reasons is the presence of gender feature in English pronouns and its absence in Persian. The results of the research highlight the fact that the inflectional forms with infusion do not follow the most important principles of the theory of natural morphology, which is the existence of a biuniqueness between the form and the meaning. They distort the criteria of naturalness and cause a decrease in the naturalness of the Persian and English inflectional systems.https://jolr.ut.ac.ir/article_98223_be9187009af326c03a72fd26f467f09c.pdf