University TehranLanguage Research1026-22881120101122Topicalization and Focus Movement in Persian
A Feature-Based ApproachTopicalization and Focus Movement in Persian
A Feature-Based Approach21386FAMazdakAnushe0000-0002-4542-7847Journal Article19700101Topicalization and focus movement have been discussed in literature
with respect to a vriety of their properties. In Persian, syntactic objects
within Tense Phrase, including phrasal arguments, may freely be displaced
to a higher position and the reordering of these elements is mainly
considered to be the result of discourse functional elements such as topic
and focus. The present study is an effort to address the question of the
formal motiviation of these movements, and their formalization within a
feature-based system. Moreover, it tries to account for the surface position
of subject in Persian, based on a VP shell analysis and the strength of Dfeature
in this language. Thus one of the main contributions of this study is
that the uninterpretable D-feature on the head of TP is strong in Persian and
as a result, the structural subject has to move to the specifer position of its
own clause.Topicalization and focus movement have been discussed in literature
with respect to a vriety of their properties. In Persian, syntactic objects
within Tense Phrase, including phrasal arguments, may freely be displaced
to a higher position and the reordering of these elements is mainly
considered to be the result of discourse functional elements such as topic
and focus. The present study is an effort to address the question of the
formal motiviation of these movements, and their formalization within a
feature-based system. Moreover, it tries to account for the surface position
of subject in Persian, based on a VP shell analysis and the strength of Dfeature
in this language. Thus one of the main contributions of this study is
that the uninterpretable D-feature on the head of TP is strong in Persian and
as a result, the structural subject has to move to the specifer position of its
own clause.University TehranLanguage Research1026-22881120101122Study of the Origin of /l/ Phoneme in New PersianStudy of the Origin of /l/ Phoneme in New Persian21387FARahmanBakhtyariJournal Article19700101The phoneme /l/ is one of the phonemes of Persian, which has different origins. a few of which is unknown.
This article studies the historical change of /l/ phoneme and phonemes and clusters which are the origins of /l/, from Proto Indo- European to Indo- Iranian, Old Iranian and Middle and new Persian. In adition, the historical change of other phonems such as group of consonants , which are origins of /l/ in new Persian has been studied. Finally, a few examples from /l/ in proto Indo- European and new Persian are introduced to classify of /l/ words in new Persian.The phoneme /l/ is one of the phonemes of Persian, which has different origins. a few of which is unknown.
This article studies the historical change of /l/ phoneme and phonemes and clusters which are the origins of /l/, from Proto Indo- European to Indo- Iranian, Old Iranian and Middle and new Persian. In adition, the historical change of other phonems such as group of consonants , which are origins of /l/ in new Persian has been studied. Finally, a few examples from /l/ in proto Indo- European and new Persian are introduced to classify of /l/ words in new Persian.University TehranLanguage Research1026-22881120101122Semantic Aspects of "bayad" (must) in PersianSemantic Aspects of "bayad" (must) in Persian21388FAMohammadAmouzadeHadaeghRezaeiJournal Article19700101“ba:y?d” as a Persian lexeme is interwoven with modality, a semantic category and therefore has a complicated and thought- provoking semantic nature. This paper uses evidence from Persian to investigate the usage of this lexeme and some of its semantic and pragmatic aspects in this language. The results indicate that this lexical category can convey a wide range of modal meanings in different contexts. While “ba:y?d” is widely used to transfer agent- oriented modal meanings, it has a limited number of speaker- oriented or epistemic interpretations. It seems that this pattern of use can be explained through some diachronic considerations. Using a pragmatic framework, one can study the diversity of the modal meanings of this category in a convincing way. Such a framework provides supporting clues for considering of the indispensable role of context and also factors like tense and modal hedges in analyzing the semantic aspects of “ba:y?d”.“ba:y?d” as a Persian lexeme is interwoven with modality, a semantic category and therefore has a complicated and thought- provoking semantic nature. This paper uses evidence from Persian to investigate the usage of this lexeme and some of its semantic and pragmatic aspects in this language. The results indicate that this lexical category can convey a wide range of modal meanings in different contexts. While “ba:y?d” is widely used to transfer agent- oriented modal meanings, it has a limited number of speaker- oriented or epistemic interpretations. It seems that this pattern of use can be explained through some diachronic considerations. Using a pragmatic framework, one can study the diversity of the modal meanings of this category in a convincing way. Such a framework provides supporting clues for considering of the indispensable role of context and also factors like tense and modal hedges in analyzing the semantic aspects of “ba:y?d”.University TehranLanguage Research1026-22881120101122A Study of Semantic Shifting in Persian ProverbsA Study of Semantic Shifting in Persian Proverbs21389FARaheleGandomkarJournal Article19700101Semantic shifting which is one of the most important semantic processes forming the meaning of some linguistic structures was first introduced by Safavi (1379). The meaning of different structures such as proverbs, are made by semantic shifting which takes place on the syntagmatic axis, but is shown on the paradigmatic axis. The corpus used in this study consists of 10 Persian proverbs which are derived from some old stories. On the basis of this study, the validity of semantic shifting is proved. It is interesting to find out that there are some unconscious Persian speakers who cause some semantic changes in proverbs without paying attention to the stories from which they are derived.Semantic shifting which is one of the most important semantic processes forming the meaning of some linguistic structures was first introduced by Safavi (1379). The meaning of different structures such as proverbs, are made by semantic shifting which takes place on the syntagmatic axis, but is shown on the paradigmatic axis. The corpus used in this study consists of 10 Persian proverbs which are derived from some old stories. On the basis of this study, the validity of semantic shifting is proved. It is interesting to find out that there are some unconscious Persian speakers who cause some semantic changes in proverbs without paying attention to the stories from which they are derived.University TehranLanguage Research1026-22881120101122An Explanation on the Grammatical Case of the Zraii? Vouruka?aiia (Yt.8.8.)An Explanation on the Grammatical Case of the Zraii? Vouruka?aiia (Yt.8.8.)21390FAChangizMowlaeeJournal Article19700101It has long been supposed that zraiia vouruka?aiia (in Yt.8.8) could be a locative singular form of the zraiiah- and vouruka?a- stems. I shall attempt to show here that this explanation is incorrect. There are, however, several good pieces of evidence in the above- mentioned Avestan text that lead us to propose another reasonable explanation on this grammatical issue.It has long been supposed that zraiia vouruka?aiia (in Yt.8.8) could be a locative singular form of the zraiiah- and vouruka?a- stems. I shall attempt to show here that this explanation is incorrect. There are, however, several good pieces of evidence in the above- mentioned Avestan text that lead us to propose another reasonable explanation on this grammatical issue.University TehranLanguage Research1026-22881120101122A Review of " The structure of the Persian Language": A review of revie and review criteria approach"A Review of " The structure of the Persian Language": A review of revie and review criteria approach"21391FALeylaSharifiJournal Article19700101نقد حاضر، نقدی صورتگرایانه در کنار نقد دانشگاهی است. در یک تعریف کلّی و عام، نقد صورتگرایانه (فرمالیستی)، نقدی است که در بررسی یک اثر، اصالت را به صورت (ساخت:فرم) میدهد و عمده توجهش به لزوم وجود رابطهای انداموار و ارگانیک، میان اجزای مختلف یک اثر است؛ به طوریکه تمامی قسمتهای یک نوشته، توانایی پشتیبانی و تقویت یکدیگر را داشته باشند. نقد دانشگاهی نیز که بر اصول استوار است، میکوشد در هر حوزه، پیوندهایی میان نوشته و اصول مرتبط بیابد و بررسی دقیق و موشکافانهای از موضوع به دست دهد؛ بدین ترتیب شاید بتوان نقد صورتگرایانه را زیرعنوان نقد کلنگر ونقد دانشگاهی را زیرعنوان نقد جزءنگر مطرح کرد که هر دو، نوعی نقد فنّی به شمار میآیند.
نقد و بررسی یک کتاب درسی دانشگاهی، تابع اصول و معیارهایی است امّا متأسفانه گاه نقد اینگونه آثار از سوی نقّادان، فقط مبتنینقد حاضر، نقدی صورتگرایانه در کنار نقد دانشگاهی است. در یک تعریف کلّی و عام، نقد صورتگرایانه (فرمالیستی)، نقدی است که در بررسی یک اثر، اصالت را به صورت (ساخت:فرم) میدهد و عمده توجهش به لزوم وجود رابطهای انداموار و ارگانیک، میان اجزای مختلف یک اثر است؛ به طوریکه تمامی قسمتهای یک نوشته، توانایی پشتیبانی و تقویت یکدیگر را داشته باشند. نقد دانشگاهی نیز که بر اصول استوار است، میکوشد در هر حوزه، پیوندهایی میان نوشته و اصول مرتبط بیابد و بررسی دقیق و موشکافانهای از موضوع به دست دهد؛ بدین ترتیب شاید بتوان نقد صورتگرایانه را زیرعنوان نقد کلنگر ونقد دانشگاهی را زیرعنوان نقد جزءنگر مطرح کرد که هر دو، نوعی نقد فنّی به شمار میآیند.
نقد و بررسی یک کتاب درسی دانشگاهی، تابع اصول و معیارهایی است امّا متأسفانه گاه نقد اینگونه آثار از سوی نقّادان، فقط مبتنیUniversity TehranLanguage Research1026-22881120101122Verb Structure in BactrianVerb Structure in Bactrian21392FAMahmoodJaafariDehaghiJournal Article19700101Verb system and its construction are two of the most important issues in the grammar of Middle Iranian languages. Comparing the construction of verbs in Middle Iranian languages and dialects reveals their relation with Old Iranian Languages. The aim of this research therefore is first to review the construction of verbs in Bactrian as one of the Eastern Middle Iranian Languages and second to find out whether its construction is in accordance with other Iranian Languages. To achieve these goals, the editions of Bactrian Documents I and II by Professor Nicholas Sims-Williams have been used. The outcome of the research shows the relation of Bactrian with other Eastern Middle Iranian languages.Verb system and its construction are two of the most important issues in the grammar of Middle Iranian languages. Comparing the construction of verbs in Middle Iranian languages and dialects reveals their relation with Old Iranian Languages. The aim of this research therefore is first to review the construction of verbs in Bactrian as one of the Eastern Middle Iranian Languages and second to find out whether its construction is in accordance with other Iranian Languages. To achieve these goals, the editions of Bactrian Documents I and II by Professor Nicholas Sims-Williams have been used. The outcome of the research shows the relation of Bactrian with other Eastern Middle Iranian languages.