Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of General Linguistics, Terhan University

2 Professor of General Linguistics, Terhan University

Abstract

The purpose of the present research was the study of metaphorical conceptualization of the "anger" target domain in Persian, based on conceptual theory of metaphor. For the first time in Persian, the corpus-based method of Metaphorical Pattern Analysis (MPA) was applied on Hamshahri 2 corpus to collect and analyze the research data and finally for the "anger" target domain, 42 source domains were obtained. Also, the productivity of all the source domains was determined based on their frequency of occurrences in the corpus. After comparing the results of the present research with the ones done with traditional methods to collect the data of fear domain, the superiority of the corpus-based method of the present research was approved. Besides, after doing a comparative analysis of metaphorical conceptualization of fear between Persian and English, it was revealed that most frequent source domains are common in both languages and some of the sources only appear in Persian. The reason for some of these differences is cultural characteristics of the languages.

Keywords

انوری، حسن (1390). فرهنگ کنایات سخن، تهران: سخن.
خداپرستی، فرج‌الله (1376). فرهنگ جامع واژگان مترادف و متضاد زبان فارسی، شیراز:        دانشنامۀ فارس.
دهخدا، علی‌اکبر (1339). امثال و حکم، تهران: امیرکبیر.
روحی، مهری (1387). بررسی استعارۀ احساسات در زبان فارسی، پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد زبان‌شناسی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا: همدان.
صراحی، محمدامین و محمد عموزاده (1392). بررسی مقایسه‌ای استعاره‌های خشم در زبان فارسی و انگلیسی. پژوهش‌های زبانشناسی تطبیقی، سال سوم، شمارۀ ششم، پاییز و زمستان، 39-60.
معین، محمد (1350)، فرهنگ فارسی معین، تهران: امیرکبیر.
AleAhmad, A., H. Amiri, E. Darrudi, M. Rahgozar and F. Oroumchian. 2009. Hamshahri: A standard Persian text collection, Knowledge-Based Systems, 22(5) : 382-387.
Anthony, L. 2014. AntConc (Version 3.4.3) [Computer          Software]. Waseda University: Japan, Retrieved from http://www.laurenceanthony.net/software/antconc/.
Esenova, O. 2011. Metaphorical conceptualization of anger, fear and sadness in English, Doctoral dissertation, Eötvös Loránd University: Budapest.
Geeraerts, D. and S. Grondelaers. 1991. Looking back at anger: Cultural traditions and metaphorical patterns, In J. R. Taylor and R. E. MacLaury (eds.), Language and the cognitive construal of the world (153–179) , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gevaert, C. 2001. Anger in old and middle English: A "hot" topic?, Belgian essays on language and literature, 89-101.
Kövecses, Z. 1986. Metaphors of anger, pride and love: A lexical approach to the structure of concepts, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kövecses, Z. 1995a. Metaphor and the folk understanding of anger, In J. A. Russell, J. Fernandez-Dols, A. R. Manstead and J. C. Wellenkamp (eds.), Everyday conceptions of emotion (49–71) , Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Kövecses, Z. 1995b. Anger: Its language, conceptualization, and        physiology in the light of cross-cultural evidence, In J. R. Taylor and R. E. MacLaury (eds.), Language and the cognitive construal of the world (181–196) , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kövecses, Z. 1998. Are there any emotion-specific metaphors?, In A. Athanasiadou and E. Tabakowska (eds.), Speaking of emotions: Conceptualisation and expression (127-151) , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kövecses, Z. 2004. Metaphor and emotion: Language, culture, and body in human feeling, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kövecses, Z. 2008. Conceptual metaphor theory: Some criticisms and alternative proposals, Annual review of cognitive linguistics, 6(1) : 168-184.
Kövecses, Z. 2010. Metaphor and culture, Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Philologica, 2(2) : 197-220.
Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. 1993. The contemporary theory of metaphor, In A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and thought (202-251) ,      Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors we live by, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. and Z. Kövecses. 1987. The cognitive model of anger      inherent in American English, In D. Holland and N. Quinn (eds.), Cultural models in language and thought (195-221) , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G. and M. Turner. 1989. More than cool reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Maalej, Z. 2004. Figurative language in anger expressions in Tunisian Arabic: An extended view of embodiment. Metaphor and Symbol, 19(1) : 51-75.
Matsuki, K. 1995. Metaphors of anger in Japanese, In J. R. Taylor and R. E. MacLaury (eds.), Language and the cognitive construal of the world (137–151) , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Mikolajczuk, A. 1998. The metonymic and metaphorical       conceptualization of anger in Polish, In A. Athanasiadou, and E. Tabakowska (eds.), Speaking of emotions: Conceptualisation and expression (153-191) , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Newman, J. 2009. A cross-linguistic overview of 'eat' and 'drink', In J. Newman (ed.), The linguistics of eating and drinking (1-26) , Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Pirzad, Sh., A. Pazhakh and A. Hayati. 2012. A comparative study on basic emotion conceptual metaphors in English   and Persian literary texts, International Education Studies, 5(1) : 200-207.
Stefanowitsch, A. 2006a. Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy, In A. Stefanowitch and S. T. Gries (eds.), Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy (pp. 1–16) , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Stefanowitsch, A. 2006b. Words and their metaphors: A corpus-based approach, In A. Stefanowitch and S. T. Gries (eds.), Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy (64–105) , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Taylor, J. R. and T. G. Mbense. 1998. Red dogs and rotten mealies: How Zulus talk about anger, In A. Athanasiadou, and E. Tabakowska (eds.), Speaking of emotions: Conceptualisation and expression (191-226) , Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Yu, N. 1995. Metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in      English and Chinese, Metaphor and Symbol, 10(2) : 59-92.