Language Research

Research Paper

Quantum Teaching Method and EFL Learners’ Writing Self-Efficacy: Learners’ Perceptions in Focus

Zahra Ahmadpour; Zohre Gooniband Shooshtari

Volume 15, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 1-27

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.376628.666885

Abstract

The Quantum Teaching Method (QTM) is an approach that emphasizes active student engagement, critical thinking, and a deep understanding of subject matter. This method has been gaining ... Read More

Research Paper

The Study of Persian Effect on Azerbaijani Relative Clause Structure

abdolhossein heydari

Volume 15, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 29-45

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.367930.666867

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to study Persian effect on the relative clause construction of Azerbaijani. The data have been collected from the different contexts of Azerbaijani speakers’ ... Read More The aim of this paper is to study Persian effect on the relative clause construction of Azerbaijani. The data have been collected from the different contexts of Azerbaijani speakers’ speech in Ardabil province. At first the data were classified in two groups: head final relative clauses and head initial relative clauses. Then they were analyzed according to views common in language contact phenomenon including Heine (2006). So this research is descriptive-analytic. Azerbaijani allows the nouns with different grammatical functions (subject, direct object, indirect object, object of postposition, genitive, object of comparison) to be relativized like other languages in the world. In addition to head final relative clauses (common in Turkish languages), most of the data have been produced according to Persian relative clause structure (head initial pattern) by borrowing Persian “Ke” morpheme. Previous Azerbaijani language researchers have considered head initial relative clause as a borrowed structure from Persian to Azerbaijani. But the findings of this research show that head initial relative clause structure is an Azerbaijani native structure used in the special context limitedly without the appearance of Persian “Ke” morpheme. Persian and Azerbaijani can be considered as model and replica languages respectively in the language contact situation. Azerbaijani speakers use a strategy such as the extending strategy to increase the frequency of head initial relative clause structure matching that of Persian by borrowing Persian “Ke” morpheme, as Heine (2006) has showed the use of this strategy in the contact situation of some languages. Azerbaijani speakers choose among two alternative structures (head final and head initial relative clause structures), the one corresponding to Persian relative clause structure. Azerbaijani speakers’ extended use of head initial relative clauses is as a result of Azerbaijani convergence with Persian that is a common phenomenon due to the language contact occurring in multilingual societies

Research Paper

A Review of Phonemic Awareness Role in Reducing Vowel Errors of English Language Learners Based on Cognitive Phonology Approach

Nahid Khosravi; Maryam Iraji; Bahram Modaresi

Volume 15, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 47-69

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.370548.666874

Abstract

Phonology is the study of phonemic system in language and our perception of phonemic production in learning is noticeable cognitively and phonologically.phonemic awareness is a ... Read More

Research Paper

Syntax of Vocative Phrase in Persian A Feature-based Approach

Mina Rezvanian; َAli Darzi

Volume 15, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 71-93

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2021.317428.666691

Abstract

The Vocative construction is one of the earliest conceptions acquired by children. So it must be a universal phenomenon. It is surprising that it had been rarely studied. While the ... Read More The Vocative construction is one of the earliest conceptions acquired by children. So it must be a universal phenomenon. It is surprising that it had been rarely studied. While the vocative is a building block of sentences, although non-obligatory, it has often been approached from a non-linguistics perspective. This paper aims to investigate both the internal/syntactic structure of the vocative phrase and its syntactic position in Persian within the framework of Minimalist Theory. To do this, the data are collected addressee, which is identified by the vocative phrase (VocP), is a functional projection derived by a bundle of morpho-syntactic and semantic features. In the one hand, the projection is located above the functional projections of the nominal domain and the determiner phrase (DP). On the other hand, it is located in the left periphery of the sentence. The vocative phrase located between the topicalized and focused phrases as a result of topic and focus movement in the language. The phrase may or may not be co-indexed with a constituent in the main clause. Although vocative phrases are not morphologically marked in Modern Persian, there are elements such as “Ey”, “Âhây” and “hey” which are sign of vocative in Persian, named vocative particles. These particles are optional, however, located in the vocative phrase. The particles, also, are different stylistically. The fisrt one is used in literary style and the second two particles are used in colloquial style. Moreover, the vocative head is shown to take a DP complement. The DP merges with the head of the phrase, as its complement Vocative particles are proposed to bear an uninterpretable D-feature along with the some other morpho-syntactic features. Checking these features make the DP complement to be interpreted as vocative in the LF, namely the vocative DP. The distribution of vocative particles indicates that the “EY” particle is a bound morpheme but “Âhây” and “Hey” are free morphemes. The projection is prosodically marked by pause and linearly followed by a comma

Research Paper

Politeness in Iranian Sign Language: Analysis of Non-Manual Features

Behzad Rahbar; Masoumeh Khoshandam Mallati

Volume 15, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 95-121

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.365113.666856

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate non-manual features (NMF) that convey politeness in Iranian sign language. The data was collected through interviews with 18 deaf ... Read More

Research Paper

A Socio-Semiotic Approach to Small World Phenomenon in Urban Linguistic Landscapes; A Case Study of Tehran

Ali Reza Gholi Famian

Volume 15, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 123-145

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.370301.666872

Abstract

In the 1960s, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment that later became established as Small World Phenomenon. According to this theory, there are on average up to six links between ... Read More In the 1960s, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment that later became established as Small World Phenomenon. According to this theory, there are on average up to six links between any two people anywhere in the world. To date, this theory has been used to analyze different networks and it is also believed that the emergence of social networks such as Facebook has been the result of the implementation of this theory. This study is based on the assumption that in language, which is basically a network of signifiers and signified, it is possible to observe traces of the Small World Phenomenon. To evaluate this hypothesis, a framework of language has been chosen which is known as linguistic landscape in sociolinguistics. The linguistic landscape refers to an area of the public space where linguistic elements can be seen on billboards, boards with various advertising and urban guidance functions, and the like. All linguistic signs in Vanak Square and 100 meters of the streets connected to the square were photographed and collected as research data. It was revealed that two factors, i.e. multilingualism and networking motivate and strengthen the Small World Phenomenon in linguistic landscapes. According to the findings, there is a non-Persian word or phrase in 39% of signs, especially in English. This relatively high rate of English in Vanak Square might have various reasons and consequences, but undoubtedly one consequence is that citizens and tourists feel they are in a global city, and thereby the Small World Phenomenon is induced in their minds. Networking tends to be a keyword in this theory. By reviewing the data, the researcher found that the linguistic signs of Vanak Square are connected with objective or abstract phenomena near and far by means of two types of references. In ‘spatial’ reference, a linguistic sign (such as ‘Kurdistan’) in the first layer refers the viewer to a highway in Tehran, but in an inner layer, reminds him of the province of ‘Kurdistan’, far from Tehran. Through ‘institutional’ referral, a link is established between a person or a small institution with a higher and typically larger institution. The caption ‘Ministry of Education, District 3, Tehran’ above the name of a school is a familiar example of institutional reference. The evaluation of the data by occupational categories shows that in some occupations, the use of non-Persian linguistic signs as well as spatial and institutional references are more common.

Research Paper

A Study of Fusion in Persian and English Inflection Based on Natural Morphology Theory

leila Gholipour Hasankiadeh; foroogh kazemi; Maryam Iraji

Volume 15, Issue 1 , August 2024, Pages 147-174

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.364792.666854

Abstract

Inflectional features of languages have diversity and each language utilizes a range of these features to express its grammatical relations. Sometimes, in an inflection of a grammatical ... Read More Inflectional features of languages have diversity and each language utilizes a range of these features to express its grammatical relations. Sometimes, in an inflection of a grammatical category (such as a verb), the semantic conditions require that several inflectional features come into use simultaneously in order to express a correct and accurate description of the event. In this case, this simultaneity is formed in an interwoven manner in the application of inflectional values and the phenomenon of fusion occurs. The main goal of this research is to examine fusional forms, including pormanteau, suppletion and fusions in the inflection of two languages, English and Persian, based on natural morphology theory, in order to determine the naturalness of these forms in the grammatical categories of noun, verb, adjective and pronoun of both languages and answer the question that what are the similarities and differences of these two languages in terms of the degree of fusion and naturalness of inflection and inflectional rules. The Persian and English data are extracted from the Persian language database and Corpus of Contemporary American English respectively by random sampling based on the equal number of words, and then analyzed based on the natural morphology theory. The results signify that the phenomenon of fusion occurs in the inflection of both languages and can be noticed in the inflection of different grammatical categories in the form of cumulative, strong and weak suppletion and pormanteau. In both languages, the frequency of fusion in verbs is more than other categories, namely nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and this is one of the common features of these two languages. In the category of pronouns, in English, there is a greater diversity of fusion. One of the reasons is the presence of gender feature in English pronouns and its absence in Persian. The results of the research highlight the fact that the inflectional forms with infusion do not follow the most important principles of the theory of natural morphology, which is the existence of a biuniqueness between the form and the meaning. They distort the criteria of naturalness and cause a decrease in the naturalness of the Persian and English inflectional systems.

A Constructional Cognitive Approach to the Persian Suffix ‘-gɑr’

Parsa Bamshadi; Negar Davari Ardakani

Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 45-66

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.69528

Abstract

The suffix ‘-gɑr’ is a nominal and adjectival suffix in Persian which is believed by most researchers to express the subjective (agentive) meaning. The purpose of the present ... Read More

A Review of " The structure of the Persian Language": A review of revie and review criteria approach"

Leyla Sharifi

Volume 1, Issue 1 , November 2010

Abstract

نقد حاضر، نقدی صورتگرایانه در کنار نقد دانشگاهی است. در یک تعریف کلّی و عام، نقد صورتگرایانه (فرمالیستی)، ... Read More

The Study of Semantic Contribution of -ār and -andeh Suffixes in Persian

Gholamhossein Karimi-Dustan Ebrahim Moradi

Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2011, , Pages 101-128

Abstract

This paper examines the semantic contribution of -?r and -andeh suffixes in Persian based on Lieber’s (2004) lexical semantic representation. This framework using six semantic features ... Read More

Preposition sense disambiguation in Persian using semantic frames

Zahra Mozaffari; giti Taki; Mojtaba Sabbagh Jaffari; Pakzad Yusefian

Volume 9, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 99-117

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.66652

Abstract

Word sense disambiguation is one of the important challenges in natural language processing (NLP) and computational linguistics. However, preposition sense disambiguation especially, ... Read More

A Study of Semantic Shifting in Persian Proverbs

Rahele Gandomkar

Volume 1, Issue 1 , November 2010

Abstract

Semantic shifting which is one of the most important semantic processes forming the meaning of some linguistic structures was first introduced by Safavi (1379). The meaning of different ... Read More

Research Paper

A Comparative Study of Scalar Implicature Comprehension in 5-7 Monolingual Persian-speaking Children and Adults

Arezou Khani; Ali Jamali; Tayebeh Khoshbakht

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.372068.666877

Abstract

Comparative study of scalar implicature comprehension in 5-7 mono-lingual Persian-speaking children Research showed that children need two important pragmatic skills to understand Simile: ... Read More Comparative study of scalar implicature comprehension in 5-7 mono-lingual Persian-speaking children Research showed that children need two important pragmatic skills to understand Simile: understanding the intended similarity and deriving a scalar implicature. However, the second skill has not been studied yet by Iranian researchers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of mono-lingual Persian-speaking children aged 5 to 7 years old and adults in understanding scalar implicature. To this aim, 30 Persian-speaking children 5, 6 and 7 years old were selected through semi- random method and were compared with 10 adults. The groups were investigated and compared on a first experiment which was a form of similarity judgment task and on a second experiment, which was in a form of a game. In the first experiment, subjects should understand "x is like a y" as an expression of similarity. In the second experiment, the subjects received metaphors (“Nina is a rabbit”) and similes (“Nina is like a rabbit) as clues to select one of a three images (a rabbit, a girl or a rabbit-looking girl). The results showed that 5 years old children were able to understand the implicature “x is not a y”, whereas 6-7 years old children performed like adults. The results showed that children from the early childhood were able to understand and extract scalar implicature and the literal meaning of simile and metaphor decreased by increasing age.Taken together, the results of the research showed that preschool children from the age of 5 are able to understand graded implication and the performance of 7-year-old children is similar to the performance of adults. Also, one of the most important reasons that young children are able to extract graded implication in simile comprehension tasks compared to other graded expressions is that the frequency of categorical and comparative sentences in child-centered speech is high due to their educational role and their learning compared to other quantifiers. (such as some and all) or logical conjunctions (such as "or" and "and") occur earlier Keywords: Scalar implicature, simile, metaphor, mono-lingual Persian-speaking children.

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Research Paper

The patterns of Toponyms markazi porovince

zabihallah komijani bozcheloei; Maryam Sadat Ghiasian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.380976.666895

Abstract

In knowing the culture and language of any place, the study of place names is very important. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the patterns of place names in Central ... Read More In knowing the culture and language of any place, the study of place names is very important. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the patterns of place names in Central Province based on the survey of national place names conducted in Australia. The theoretical approach in the concept of place names of this survey is based on the article of Tenet and Blair (2021). Surveying national place names in Australia is based on three key elements: identification, documentation and interpretation. The purpose of identifying a place name is to determine its linguistic form, the type of geographical feature (urban, plain, field, etc.) and its geographical location (latitude and longitude). The statistical sample in the current research is based on 225 place names of settlements in Central Province, which were selected from the statistical population of 1394 of the place names of settlements in Central Province for the field study of place names.The findings of the research show that the place names of the settlements in the central province were chosen based on the following factors: linguistic dispersion, population density, distance and historical background of the settlements. The images of each settlement are roughly determined based on 7 descriptive, participatory, naming, event, evaluation, copy and innovation images. The results show that the descriptive image has the highest percentage with 61.08% and includes 137 It is named, and then there are other patterns in the order: Participatory pattern (linking) with 47 placenames in the limit of 20.85%, Naming pattern with 20 placenames in about 9.79%, Event pattern with 18 placenames in about 7.84 percent, the evaluation model with a placeholder of about 0.44. The images of copying and innovation are without place names.Descriptive image has the highest percentage. Reviewing and analyzing the place names of the central province with global concepts, we have answered the classification questions according to the Excel table. The local category has the largest number and percentage of local place names in the descriptive image. In the central province, the investigation and biography of the location and motivation of the name givers is descriptive.

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Research Paper

Explaining the Placement Order of Adjectives in Persian Language Based on Functional Discourse Grammar

Mohsen Taheri; Ali Alizadeh; Hamed Mowlaei Kuhbanani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.370324.666875

Abstract

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the placement order of different types of adjectives in the sentence in Persian language based on Functional Discourse Grammar. ... Read More The purpose of the present research is to investigate the placement order of different types of adjectives in the sentence in Persian language based on Functional Discourse Grammar. Therefore, in this study, FDG will be considered in determining the arrangement of different types of adjectives in the sentence in Persian language. According to the principles of FDG, presenting a pattern in the arrangement of adjectives in a sentence in Persian language, in which the order of the adjectives in sentences does not follow a certain rule, is another goal of the present research. Although in Persian language, the order of adjectives does not follow a specific rule, the principles of FDG show that the type of the adjective determines that in what level of the hierarchical layer of FDG each adjective is produced and then based on what order it is mapped on morphosyntactic templates. In this study, the method of mapping the different types of adjectives on morphosyntactic templates in four absolute initial, second, medial and final positions and infinite relative positions in FDG was considered. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and the examples are taken from Persian adjectives. Examining the samples in this research shows that although the Persian language does not seem to have a particular order for the placement of adjectives in the sentence, the order pattern of adjectives in the sentence based on the mechanisms of FDG is also suggested for Persian language, since each adjective is produced in a special layer. The results indicate that the placement of adjectives in Persian language is based on the type of adjective and the production of each type of adjective takes place in its respective hierarchical layer. The results also show that FDG is an appropriate and efficient method for explaining the placement of adjectives in a sentence in Persian language and provides a suitable model for the placement of adjectives in a sentence in Persian language.

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Research Paper

An study of how Persian and Arabic spoken language is affected cognitively by physiological language

somayyeh mohammadi; Zohreh Ghorbani Madavani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.367810.666866

Abstract

This research examines the cognitive study of Persian and Arabic languages in the domain of taste and its related product, namely flavors, with the aim of gaining insight into a portion ... Read More This research examines the cognitive study of Persian and Arabic languages in the domain of taste and its related product, namely flavors, with the aim of gaining insight into a portion of the understanding and perception that Persian and Arabic speakers derive through the gustatory domain. In this context, the study conducts a cognitive analysis of phrases that reflect the influence of the physiological function of taste on spoken language. The research method is descriptive-analytical and operates within the framework of cognitive semantics. The study of the data reveals that: These languages primarily utilize the gustatory domain to conceptualize the ideas of "testing and evaluation" and their resulting outcomes, such as feelings of satisfaction and pleasure or dissatisfaction and pain. The cognitive reality of the gustatory domain differs from the external and conventional reality of the sense of taste. In external reality, tasting is a sensory and temporary experience, where the tongue is the sole receptor, and it is relevant only to edibles. However, the cognitive mechanism extends this physical-gustatory experience to understand and conceptualize the environment and abstract concepts, "tasting" various experiences and phenomena! From tasting people's words, as in «شیرین‌سخن» ("sweet-tongued"), to describing someone as «گوشت‌تلخ» ("bitter-fleshed"). In this cognitive mechanism, the tongue is not the only receptor of taste; hearing can also create a taste, as in «با این خبر کاممون تلخ شد» ("this news left a bitter taste in our mouth"), and the heart "tastes" the sweetness of union, as in «به کام دل رسید» ("it reached the heart's desire"). Moreover, tasting is not limited to edibles; the eyes can be "شور" ("salty"), temperament can be "تند" ("hot"), and a facial expression can be "ترش" ("sour"). One significant aspect of understanding the non-edible world through the lens of edibles is that these metaphorical correspondences allow us to think about our experiences and phenomena around us using the knowledge we have about flavors. For example, since "بانمکی" (saltiness) is desirable, interacting with a person perceived as "بانمک" (salty) is also understood as pleasant and desirable. In this way, the "saltiness" of the person in question can overshadow other undesirable traits they may have, just as the "saltiness" of a type of food can make its harmful aspects seem appealing. The conclusion is that flavor serves as a phenomenological and evaluative lens through which we interpret the nature of our experiences as a target domain.

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Research Paper

Effect of Prosodic Cues on the disambiguation of syntactically ambiguous sentences

Zeynab Jafari; Batool Alinezhad; Rezvan Motavallian Naeini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.375120.666882

Abstract

Many studies have shown the effect of prosodic cues on the disambiguation of syntactically ambiguous sentences. Following previous research, this study therefore tried to investigate ... Read More Many studies have shown the effect of prosodic cues on the disambiguation of syntactically ambiguous sentences. Following previous research, this study therefore tried to investigate how pitch and duration affect the disambiguation of the syntactic attachment differences (low attachment and high attachment) in Persian. To reach the purpose of this survey, two types of syntactically ambiguous strings with two different meanings were examined. Expressions Type 1 was composed of N1-N2-conj-N3 and Expressions Type 2 was composed of N1-conj-N2-Adj. In a speech production experiment, a total of 264 utterances were produced by 11 female Persian speakers (6 sentences × 2 conditions × 2 repetitions × 11 speakers). All the target expressions (conjoined noun phrases) were extracted, word-segmented by hand in Praat software, and subjected to phonetic analysis. The duration and mean f0 of the segmented words were measured and compared across two conditions. Differences in measurements were statistically analyzed by using Independent t-test. Generally, the outcomes of this paper supported the previous studies. The speakers resolved the ambiguity by significantly altering their production of the utterances in ways consistent with the intended meaning and structure. The statistical comparison revealed a higher pitch excursion on and a longer duration of the target noun phrases in low attachment condition as opposed to high attachment one. Specifically, in Expressions Type 1, the duration of N2, the conjunction, and N3 was longer and the mean f0 of the conjunction and N3 was higher in low attachment condition. In addition, a pause was produced between N2 and the conjunction to mark a prosodic boundary. In Expressions Type 2, N1 and N2 duration was longer and the mean f0 of the conjunction and N2 was higher in low attachment condition. Moreover, a pause was inserted between N1 and the conjunction to mark a prosodic boundary. In sum, the insertion of pauses, pre-boundary word lengthening, post-conjunction word lengthening, and f0 rise were used to disambiguate the utterances.

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Research Paper

The effect of phonetic levels of Arabic language in learning Arabic listening and speaking skills of non-Arabic speaking Iranians

Mohammad- Mahdi Gholami; Ali Zeighami; Sayed Reza Mirahmadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.380345.666892

Abstract

Persian and Arabic languages have phonetic, grammatical and lexical influences on each other in terms of vocabulary exchange and have similarities and differences in terms of phonetic ... Read More Persian and Arabic languages have phonetic, grammatical and lexical influences on each other in terms of vocabulary exchange and have similarities and differences in terms of phonetic system. Today, the Arabic language is considered as one of the six official languages of the United Nations and the first language of the Islamic world, which is learned by students of different countries, especially Iran. Arabic learners suffer from many phonetic errors at different stages of learning Arabic as a foreign language. Since the phonological system of the native language of the learners is imprinted in their minds by default, it is a natural phenomenon for non-native learners to make errors during the learning of the next language. At the phonetic level of the Arabic language, there are sounds that are different from their corresponding sounds in Farsi in terms of pronunciation and pronunciation; Among the Arabic letters " Θ ،ħ، ð، sˤ، dˤ، tˤ، ðˤ، ʕ، ɣ، w" which have become the closest equivalent sounds in the phonetic system of the Persian language due to their absence in the Persian language. Therefore, Arabic language learners of Farsi do not have sufficient skills in the field of listening and speaking as language output, but due to the lack of comparative analysis between different levels of Arabic and Persian, they usually suffer from the use of all when using Arabic. brand. Sublevels of the Arabic language at the phonetic level. Doubt, fear and finally despair of learning this language. The results of the investigation in the present study show that while learning a foreign language, the learner unconsciously tries to maintain the structure of his previous language due to adherence to his mother tongue and shows resistance to the new findings of the phonetic system of the language. . The purpose of this research is: first, to define and detail contrastive analysis, then to explain the phonetic system of Persian and Arabic languages, then to explain the types of interference, and finally to provide solutions and solutions to prevent interference. Based on the comparative analysis at the phonetic level, we came to the conclusion that after describing and then comparing and contrasting the two languages, as well as the order of the difficulty of pronouncing the sounds, the sounds that are in the fourth level (extreme differentiation) are the most difficult in teaching the sounds of the language.

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Research Paper

Substitution of dental consonants in English and Arabic (loan)words by Persian speakers: A Comparative Study

Bashir Jam

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2024.378926.666889

Abstract

Sound substitution is a process whereby a phoneme in a loanword is replaced by its closest phone in the borrowing language. English and Arabic share dental consonants // and // ... Read More Sound substitution is a process whereby a phoneme in a loanword is replaced by its closest phone in the borrowing language. English and Arabic share dental consonants // and // which are absent in Persian. This comparative study aimed at explaining how these consonants are substituted by Persian speakers within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). The findings of this research indicate that their substitution in English (loan)words depends on their position in the syllable; the dental consonants // and // are replaced by the dento-alveolar consonants [d] and [t] respectively in the syllable onset of (loan)words because they are the closest consonants to dentals. However, // changes to [s] in the coda position since the markedness constraint ‘LAZY’ which favors sounds produced with less energy prohibits the substitution of // by the more effortful stop consonant [t] in this syllable position. With regard to Arabic (loan)words, the substitution of the dental consonants // and // (which are represented by the graphemes <ذ> and <ث> respectively in Arabic orthography) depends on how these graphemes are pronunced in Persian. Therefore, this process cannot be explained using an analysis that is solely phonological. So, there is a need for an analysis which incorporates graphemes as well. Technically speaking, a constraint which has access to graphematical information is needed. Some optimality theory phonologists who came up with this need while working on other languages have already proposed orthographic constraints as the third type in addition to faithfulness and markedness constraints. Accordingly, the pronunciation of the graphemes <ذ> and <ث> in words adapted from Arabic by Persian was analysed using orthographic constraints which require these graphemes to be always pronunced [z] and [s] respectively. This comparative study presents arguments in favor of different constraint rankings which cause the occurances of these processes.

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Indexing and Abstracting

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