Language Research - Articles in Press

The Impact of English on Persian Modal Auxiliaries through Translation

Mohammad Amuzadeh Shadi Shah-naseri

Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2011, , Pages 21-50

Abstract

This article is an attempt first to introduce translation as a linguistic-cultural process, and then to seek the impact of the English language on Persian modal auxiliaries. Parallel ... Read More

Persian modal verbs and the expression of modality

Jalal Rahimian; Mohammad Amouzadeh

Volume 4, Issue 1 , April 2013, , Pages 21-40

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2013.35922

Abstract

Modal verbs and their different meanings can be investigated on the basis of various theoretical frameworks. In this paper, Persian modal verbs are examined and analyzed in terms of ... Read More

An Optimality –Theoretic Account of changing /u/ to [I] in Silakhori Dialect

Bashir Jam; Ahmad Zalaghi

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 21-40

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.50265

Abstract

The changing of round and back vowel /u/ to unround and front vowel [i] occurs in Lori dialects as well as some other Persian dialects. This vowel change includes both unrounding and ... Read More

Evidentiality in Contemporary Persian

Vali Rezai

Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 21-40

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.52653

Abstract

This paper aims at investigating evidentiality in contemporary Persian from a typological point of view. First the category of evidentiality and its types in the languages of the world ... Read More

A Role and Reference Grammar Analysis of Relative Clauses in Farsi

Farideh Haghbin; Homa Asadi

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 21-41

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.54183

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the treatment of Persian relative clauses in role and reference grammar. RRG is a structural-functional theory which has studied the syntax-semantics-pragmatics ... Read More

Explaining Different Pronunciations of The Enclitic Verb /-ast/ in Different Contexts: An Optimality Theoretic Account

Bashir Jam

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2015, , Pages 21-40

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.56640

Abstract

The third person singular enclitic verb /-ast/ which is equivalent to English verb “is” undergoes the highest number of phonological processes among Persian enclitic ... Read More

Free Word Order of Verbs and its Arguments

Ali Darzi Darzi; Hakmat Boroujerdi

Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2016, , Pages 21-40

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.57497

Abstract

This study explores the nature of relatively free word order of verbs and their arguments in Persian. Based on the theory of phases and multiple spell-out which is an instantiation ... Read More

Negative Concord Item in Azeri Turkic

Shoja Tafakkori Rezayi Tafakkori Rezayi; Nima Erfaniard Erfaniard; Khosrow Gholam Alizade

Volume 7, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 21-36

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.59412

Abstract

In this research Azeri negative sentences are scrutinized with a focus on Negative Concord Item (NCI) s. Linguists such asEnç (1998), Kornfilt (1997) and Progovac (2005) assert ... Read More

Semantic Analysis of Prepositions Læ and Wæ in Gurani Kurdish: A Cognitive Approach

Parsa Bamshadi; Khosrow Gholamalizadeh; shoja tafakkori rezayi

Volume 8, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 21-40

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2017.63133

Abstract

The present research explores the semantics of two prepositions in Gurani Kurdish, i.e. “læ” and “wæ”. Our approach is cognitive semantics and we ... Read More

Grammaticalization Process of the Preposition “az” in Persian Language

Ehsan Changizi; Sepideh Abdolkarimi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 21-38

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.65513

Abstract

In modern Persian the preposition "az" signifies the concepts instrument, method, cause, nature, possession, part-whole relationship, source, path, separation, comparison and topic. ... Read More

Noun phrase accessibility: acquisition of relative clauses in Persian language

Shohreh Sadat Sajjadi; Rezamorad Sahraee

Volume 9, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 21-38

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.66648

Abstract

After studying 50 languages, Keenan and Comrie (1977) introduced the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy Theory. This theory claims that in order to form relative clauses, languages ... Read More

Sincerity of Ta’arofs Across Genders in Persian Language: A Cognitive Approach

Maryam Bordbar; Arsalan Golfam; Sahar Bahrami; Hayat Ameri

Volume 10, Issue 1 , June 2019, , Pages 21-37

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2019.71999

Abstract

This paper deals with the sincerity of Persian language Ta’arofs across genders. The sincerity is evaluated by means of cultural schemas. Data that is gathered from different ... Read More This paper deals with the sincerity of Persian language Ta’arofs across genders. The sincerity is evaluated by means of cultural schemas. Data that is gathered from different conversational contexts and Iranian films is analyzed by conversation analysis method. Using emic approach, the researchers identify fifteen underlying cultural schemas for Persian Ta’arofs and represent a model. To fulfill this aim, the Ta’arofs with similar illocutionary forces are identified and classified as cultural micro-schemas. Each class is given a title and the first encoding is done. To make sure about the validity of the classifications two inter-raters are employed. Then the concepts which are considered as the basis for these micro-schemas in Iranian culture are identified and labeled as macro-schemas. The Ta’arofs are evaluated in questionnaires in terms of sincerity they are associated with across genders. Ta’arofs and their contexts are presented in the questionnaire and the subjects are asked to evaluate the sincerity of Ta’arofs. Ta’arofs are chosen from both genders’ conversations equivalently and distributed in the questionnaire with different cultural schemas. The evaluation of data demonstrates that despite the common belief that men’s Ta’arofs are more sincere than women’s, there wasn’t any significant difference between their degrees of sincerity. Moreover, considering that the most and the least sincere Ta’arofs belong to women, we can say that the range of sincerity of Ta’arofs is wider in women than in men. The underlying micro-schemas of the most sincere Ta’arofs in women and men are respectively sympathy (Hamdeli) and compliment (Tahsin); and, the underlying micro-schemas of the least sincere Ta’arofs are respectively hospitality (Mehmannavazi) and Shekastehnafsi in women and men. Although the underlying micro-schemas of the most (in) sincere Ta’arofs are different in the two genders and reflect social and psychological differences between them, the underlying macro-schemas obey the notion of distributive cognition.

Split DP in Persian - A Minimalist Approach

Tayebeh Asadimofarah; َAli Darzi

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 21-43

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2020.281064.666505

Abstract

This study is an investigation of multiple–râ constructions as an instance of so-called split DP in Persian in the Minimalist framework. In principle, DP splitting may give ... Read More This study is an investigation of multiple–râ constructions as an instance of so-called split DP in Persian in the Minimalist framework. In principle, DP splitting may give rise to another phenomenon, namely, syntactic doubling. This phenomenon, as its name suggests, involves the occurrence of more than one syntactic marker in a syntactic object. In Persian, this marker is the accusative Case marker –râ. To account for the multiple occurrence of –râ, we follow Kahnemuyipour's (2014) treatment of adjectival Ezafe construction as involving a head final NP. We then analyze split DPs in Persian as a byproduct of topicalization and focalization of inner elements of DPs. So given the Topic and Focus interpretation of syntactic objects in the constructions under investigation and their relative order, we posit TopP and FocP projections in a domain between head D and NumP. It is worth noticing that in linguistics theorizing the Split DP construction corresponds to split CP as proposed by Rizii (1997(. With respect to accusative Case marker then we adopt Darzi’s (2006) treatment of –râ as the morphological realization of dependent Case in the domain of V + I in Persian. Under Baker and Vinokurova's (2010), Preminger's (2014) and Baker's (2015) proposals, the dependent Case marker appears on a DP which is c-commanded by another DP in a certain domain if the latter is not yet valued for Case. In this respect, finally, we employ the mechanism of subextraction from the main DP as a result of which the extracted element altogether carries other Case marker to a higher DP upon extraction. With regard to nominative Case, after adopting Levin and Preminger’s (2014) proposal, namely, unmarked Case, which in turn appears as a result of the interaction between I/T and being in the domain proposed by Bobaljik (2006,2008) and Darzi (2006), we maintain that subextraction is also accounted for constructions with multiple nominative Case.

The Study of Morphological Causatives in Persian

ali darzi; fatame karampour

Volume 3, Issue 2 , January 2013, , Pages 23-41

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2013.35359

Abstract

A growing number of recent studies on verbal meaning have demonstrated that positing a direct mapping between (lexical/logical) semantics and syntax with respect to event structure ... Read More

A Constructional Study of the Compounds of Body Part “Del” (Heart) in Persian

Ava Imani; Adel Rafiei; Mohammad Amouzadeh

Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 23-43

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.69527

Abstract

This study aims at examining the construction of the word-formation pattern of [del-X] (compounds of “heart”) and investigating its semantic variations, the most general ... Read More

There is no Stem: the Distribution of Verbal Allomorphs, a Distributed Morphology Analysis

Mazdak Anushe

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 25-48

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2020.294729.666564

Abstract

It is widely accepted by traditional grammarians and linguists that Persian verbal roots fall into two forms depending on their tense feature: present stem and past stem. In contrast ... Read More It is widely accepted by traditional grammarians and linguists that Persian verbal roots fall into two forms depending on their tense feature: present stem and past stem. In contrast to this traditional view, the present study considers an alternative notion of allomorphy, indicating that a few verbs use a basic form, called “morph”, in all morphosyntactic contexts while some other roots allow for having two or more allomorphs. Within the framework of Distributed Morphology, especially on the basis of underspecification condition, I will review the empirical evidence adduced in favor of the hypothesis that the tense feature has no role in producing and selecting the so-called present and past stems. In this approach, the systematic distribution of verbal allomorphs like /suz/ and /sux/ (derived from “ÖSUZ” = burn) is constrained by some other formal features, such as adjacency to the morphophoneme {D}, absorbing the causative suffix (“-ān” or its free variation “-un”) or appearing in the boundary of a word. Finally, to avoid terminological and empirical confusion, I will suggest that we should avoid the use of the term “stem” altogether and speak of root, morph and allomorphs only. It should be added that the different variations in phonetic shape of lexical roots are divided into two classes: the first one follows from the phonological rules and the second one is affected by the morphophonological (or readjustment) rules. Phonological changes are predictable and produce automatic alternations, but unpredictable morphophonological changes lead to non-automatic alternations. Following the general trend of DM, I restrict the term “allomorphy” to those cases in which the variation in phonetic shape of a morpheme does not follow from the automatic phonological rules of the language. This analysis raises the theoretical question of whether language-specific readjustment rules (i.e. the alteration of root or affix phonology) are needed for morphological theory. Rejecting readjustment rules, I show that allomorphs of verbal roots are independently stored in Vocabulary.

Polysemy in the Compound Construction Formed as [X be-VPRES]: An Analysis in Construction Morphology

Sahar Bahrami-Khorshid; Rouzbahan Yazdani Moghaddam

Volume 12, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 27-47

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study the compound construction [X be-Vpres] in Persian within the framework of Construction Morphology. In this study a construction-based approach ... Read More The purpose of this paper is to study the compound construction [X be-Vpres] in Persian within the framework of Construction Morphology. In this study a construction-based approach has been used to determine the different possible meanings drawn from the [X be-Vpres] construction, its schemas, subschemas and the hierarchical structure of this construction in Persian lexicon. The proper data for this study were collected from farhang-e bozorg-e sokhan [The Great Sokhan Dictionary] (Anvari, 2002) and in some cases they have been checked in loqat-nāme-ye dehkhodā [The Dehkhoda Dictionary] (2012). Whenever the meaning of words were unclear, riše-šenāsi-ye tārixi-ye estelāhāt-e fārsi [Etymology of Persian Idioms) (Partovi Amoli, 2013) was used. Accordingly, thirty-nine words were extracted and studied. This study followed a usage-based, construction-based approach. The data in this study have been analyzed within the framework of Construction Morphology (CM). In order to analyze the data, the meaning of each word was studied in a real sentence found in our corpus. In addition, we paid attention to the thematic relation of the non-verbal and verbal parts of each data. Accordingly, our data were categorized in five different semantic categories illustrating agent, benefactory, patient, property and theme. In other words, one single form was corresponded to five different semantic roles. The findings of this study revealed that the [X be-Vpres] construction is polysemous in Persian, that is, the polysemy can be seen at the level of construction. In fact, the polysemy found in this research is constructional. Analysis of the different meanings revealed that they all related to the thematic relationships between two parts of the compound. In line with this finding, we showed that the most abstract meaning of [X be-Vpres] is "an entity with relation (R) to XV". It was the most schematic meaning whose characteristics were inherited by five other subschemas which determined each semantic category.

Speech Rhythm Measures: Acoustic Cues for Speaker Identification

Homa Asadi; Batool alinezhad

Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2022, , Pages 29-49

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2021.304539.666624

Abstract

Rhythmic characteristics of speech based on consonantal and vocalic intervals as well as syllabic intervals vary between speakers of the same language. Nonetheless, the rhythmicity ... Read More Rhythmic characteristics of speech based on consonantal and vocalic intervals as well as syllabic intervals vary between speakers of the same language. Nonetheless, the rhythmicity of a speech signal is not solely dependent on the durational variability of phonetic intervals but it is also associated with the variability of the intensity patterns as well. Acoustic parameter of intensity is largely determined by the articulatory behaviors of the speech organs such as lip movement or mouth aperture. Therefore, it is plausible that speaker idiosyncrasy in movement of speech articulators and anatomical differences in individual’s vocal tracts may influence the energy distribution across a speech signal which subsequently leads to the variability in the values of the intensity measures. Using experimental phonetics tools and from an explicitly speaker-specific perspective, the present research attempts to explore potential speaker-specific acoustic parameters of speech rhythm which are extracted from the intensity contours across Persian speakers. This research aims to discover whether intensity-based measures of speech rhythm are able to discriminate between speakers in Persian. Two types of acoustic rhythmic measures based on the mean syllable intensity (stdevM, varcoM, rPVIm, nPVIm) and peak syllable intensity (stdevP, varcoP, rPVIp, nPVIp)) were selected for this study. Speech data from 12 Persian male speakers were recorded non-contemporaneously in laboratory environment on two different occasions separated by one to two weeks. Speech tokens were acoustically measured with PRAAT version 5.2.34 and statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS version 21 and R version 3.3.3. Results of the study indicated that speech rhythm measures based on intensity fluctuations play an important role in between-speaker rhythmic variability. In addition, discriminatory power of intensity-based measures is not affected by the language-dependent characteristics of Persian. The results also showed that the peak syllable intensity measures carry more speaker-specific information compared to the mean syllable intensity measures

Study of the Origin of /l/ Phoneme in New Persian

Rahman Bakhtyari

Volume 1, Issue 1 , November 2010

Abstract

The phoneme /l/ is one of the phonemes of Persian, which has different origins. a few of which is unknown. This article studies the historical change of /l/ phoneme and phonemes and ... Read More

Quantifier Phrase and Classifier phrase in Sarhadi Dialect of Balochi; A minimalist Analysis

Ali Darzi; Nahid Yar Ahmadzehi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2011, , Pages 37-56

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate the presence of quantifier phrase and classifier phrase in the DP of Sarhadi dialect of the Baluchi language. To reach this goal, pseudo partitive constructions ... Read More

Differentiating Evidentiality and Epistemic Modality Based on the Behavior of Persian Adverbials

Vali Rezai; Mozhgan Neisani

Volume 7, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 37-56

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.59413

Abstract

This paper attempts to indicate that the two conceptual categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality are distinct although they may look similar; thus their corresponding adverbs ... Read More

Boy acting Deaf and Dumb language of Mani - Manichaean Sogdian fragment reconstruction -L83b

Mohammad Shokrei Fumeshi

Volume 3, Issue 1 , October 2013, , Pages 39-51

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2012.30294

Abstract

In this article, a small part of the Manichaean Sogdian parable known as "the deaf and dumb boy" is reconstructed. Mani narrated this parable for a Zoroastrian priest. The text of the ... Read More

Ezafe Constructions in Persian Language from Goldberg’s Construction Grammar Perspective

Hossein Razavian; Sedighe Kavusi Tajkoh; Sahar Bahrami Khorshid

Volume 7, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 39-57

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.61524

Abstract

Goldberg’s Construction Grammar is a cognitive linguistics approach which has considered ‘Constructions’ as the basic units of language. The present study aimed to ... Read More

Perception of a Synthetic Vowel Space by Persian Listeners

Hamed Rahmani; mahmmud bejan khan; Sajjad Peyvasteh

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 39-58

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.65514

Abstract

Vowels of a language can be characterized within an acoustically defined space according to native listeners’ perceptual intuition. This study investigated Persian listeners’ ... Read More

Parallel Merge, Multidominance and the Structure of Wh-Coordination

Yadgar Karimi; Hengameh Vaezi

Volume 9, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 39-58

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.66649

Abstract

Wh-coordination is a descriptive term used to refer to configurations where two wh-constituents are conjoined. Wh-coordination bears descriptive resemblances to conventional coordination ... Read More

Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2017)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2015)

Volume 5 (2014)

Volume 4 (2013)

Volume 3 (2012)

Volume 2 (2012)

Volume 1 (2010)

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