Language Research - Articles in Press

Semantics of Deictic Expressions: Introducing a Cognitive-Discoursal Model of Reference

Bohloul Alaei

Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2016, , Pages 81-99

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.57504

Abstract

Deictic expressions belong to a category of linguistic expressions which seemingly require an extra-linguistic context for their referents to be recognized. They have referential, anaphoric ... Read More

Epenthesis in Persian: A phonetic Study

Vahid Sadeghi

Volume 10, Issue 1 , June 2019, , Pages 83-104

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2019.72002

Abstract

The present paper is an experimental study that addresses the insertion of the palatal glide [j] and glottal consonants [h] and [?] to prevent vowel hiatus in Persian. Data included ... Read More

Persian Prefixoids: A Cognitive Analysis

samira zahab nazoory; Arezoo Najafian; Bahman Zandi; Mehdi Sabzevari

Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 83-105

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2019.273141.666454

Abstract

Affixoid is a frequent word attached to different bases, plays the role of derivational affixes and makes derivational words. These linguistic elements are morphologically independent ... Read More Affixoid is a frequent word attached to different bases, plays the role of derivational affixes and makes derivational words. These linguistic elements are morphologically independent but by the passage of time and under the influence of different factors, they attain different figurative meanings and are present in derivational words. In this research, we study 2 Persian prefixoids,"khosh-, bad-" which have opposite meanings and have ahigh frequency in Persian, in cognitive morphology framework and based on Hamawand (2011). It is corpus-based and the corpus used is Sokhan Dictionary. Firstly all words containing these elements are listed and the classified and analyzed. These elements have all three cognitive operations; categorization, configuration and conceptualization. Based on categorization operation, these elements besides their denotational meanings, have other meanings some of which are prototypical and some are peripheral. Prefixoid “khosh-“has 2 prototypical meanings, beauty and goodness, and 5 peripheral meanings, abundance, faithfulness, lack, skill, ease, and prefixoid “bad-“ has 1 prototypical meaning, ugliness, and 5 peripheral meanings, abundance, unfaithfulness, hardship, severity, positive attitude. Based on configuration operation, different domains are studied. Each of these prefixoids has specific domains and separate facets. Prefixoid “khosh-“has 2 domains, quantity and manner, and “bad-“ has distinction domain. And finally based on conceptualization operation, we study words which have the same bases but synonymous prefixes are attached to them and different construals are attained such as “more than usual vs. excessive” by the use of prefixoids “khosh-“ and “por-“ attached to the base “Namak”, “quantity vs. quality” by the use of the previous mentioned prefixoids attached to the base “kar” and the last construal “humor vs. insult” which is made by the use of prefixoids “bi-“ and “khosh-“ by the base “Gheirat”. Based on the findings of this study, all linguistic elements have senses that represent speakers’ different mental experiences and prefixes, generally, and prefixoids, specifically, are not exceptional.

Semantic Changes of "Var / Bar"

Ehsan Changizi; Elahe Hoseyni Matak

Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2019, , Pages 89-107

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.69530

Abstract

Some linguistic forms may become polysemous through language changes and lose their core meaning. Sometimes these forms may stay as relics in different constructions and their core ... Read More

Cognitive Semantics of "GAH" from the Perspective of Semantic Conflict and Resolution Hypothesis

Ali Alizadeh; Hamed Akbarpour; Faranak Jamaleddin; Mohammad Reza Dehghanzadeh

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 97-119

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2021.314951.666676

Abstract

The aim of this study is to carefully examine the morpheme "GAH" in order to enumerate the concepts contained in and to discover the mechanism of conversion between these concepts from ... Read More The aim of this study is to carefully examine the morpheme "GAH" in order to enumerate the concepts contained in and to discover the mechanism of conversion between these concepts from the perspective of Cognitive Semantics in the context of Talmy’s Semantic Conflict and Resolution hypothesis. To achieve this, we extracted all the entries of this morpheme from the Two Volume Persian Dictionary of Sadri Afshar et al. (2009). We examined each of them in an analytical-research way from a qualitative perspective presented in the introduced theoretical framework. After the autopsy of the nature of the open and closed classes and creating a correspondence between their concepts and types of uses of the morpheme "GAH" and proving that this morpheme does not follow a fixed pattern in belonging to the open or closed class, followed by dissection of the Semantic Conflict and Resolution hypothesis under the presentation of a series of Cognitive processes under the headings of shifts, blends, juxtaposition, juggling and blocking and their exact subsets, we put the body of research in the benchmark of these criteria to determine with which morphemes, via which processes and by which functions, the morpheme of “GAH” is combined, and the final output belongs to which Cognitive process and what conceptual domain it includes. The concept of "basicness" was recognized as TIME and the cognitive process through which this concept converts to "SPACE", as a new achievement in this research was established as “Replacement of whole the basicness concept of a spectrum (open/closed) class by a component of open-class side features.” Also, the cause of this gradation in the nature of "GAH" was identified through another Cognitive process called Reification. In addition, according to what we obtained in the data analysis, the outputs of "GAH"’s compounds were not out of 4 modes: location of the process, location of the effect of the process, location of an object/mass, and location of the effect/direction/extension of an object. A commixture of the modes also appeared.

Analyzing the Acquisition of Persian Homonymous Bound Morphemes by Azerbaijani/Persian Bilinguals Based on 4-M Model

abdolhossein heydari

Volume 12, Issue 1 , July 2021, , Pages 97-120

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2021.314149.666667

Abstract

Affix ordering is a theoretical discussion in morphology. There has been some debate over the existence of general principles or mechanisms governing affix ordering. In this regard, ... Read More Affix ordering is a theoretical discussion in morphology. There has been some debate over the existence of general principles or mechanisms governing affix ordering. In this regard, we can point to three principal approaches. The first approach named the stratum-oriented model (Siegel, 1974; Allen, 1978; Kiparsky, 1982; Mohanan, 1986), believes that lexicon has a layered structure and can determine the affixes' combinations. The second approach relies on Selectional Restrictions' affix oriented (Fabb, 1988; Plag, 1999). These restrictions include restrictions of the group of affixes and phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntax restrictions. This approach claims that the description of possible and impossible combinations of affixes is related to describing the functions of restrictions. The third approach formed the theoretical framework of the present study by providing a psycho-linguistic model based on this idea that the affix ordering is a function of the degree of parsability of affixes from their bases (Hay 2000; 2002). According to this approach, affixes parsed easily in language processing cannot stay near the base relative to the affixes with a lower degree of parsability. Plag (2003) called the approach as Complexity-Based Ordering (CBO). The question is that how can we describe the Persian derivational prefixes ordering based on the CBO framework. For this reason, by selecting 17 prefixes 2200 derivational words extracted from database. By considering prefixes co-occurrences the rank of each prefix was obtained by using directed-graph and upper triangle square matrixes. According to this theoretical framework, by using frequency of derivational words and bases we could draw the scatter plot and determined the rank of type and token frequency ratio. Finally, according to data and by using the rank of parsability, type and token frequency ratio, we assessed the continuum of Persian prefixes ordering. Similar to Hay and Plag (2004) findings, this approach can describe Persian prefixes ordering as well as English affixes ordering

The Study of Semantic Contribution of -ār and -andeh Suffixes in Persian

Gholamhossein Karimi-Dustan Ebrahim Moradi

Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2011, , Pages 101-128

Abstract

This paper examines the semantic contribution of -?r and -andeh suffixes in Persian based on Lieber’s (2004) lexical semantic representation. This framework using six semantic features ... Read More

Fragments in Persian

Mansour Shabani

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 101-119

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.50272

Abstract

This article shows that Persian fragments are derived via A'-movement of the remnant plus TP deletion. Evidence like case-matching, binding effects, and scope and bound pronouns show ... Read More

Possessor-Raising and Figure-Raising Constructions in Persian: a Distributed Morphology Analysis

Vida Sadrolmamaleki

Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2022, , Pages 101-122

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2021.328361.666734

Abstract

In Persian, much research focuses on the syntax-morphology interface in DM, but research on the syntax-semantics interface is generally absent from DM literature. The aim of this study ... Read More In Persian, much research focuses on the syntax-morphology interface in DM, but research on the syntax-semantics interface is generally absent from DM literature. The aim of this study is to account for possessor raising and figure raising constructions in Persian which demands the review of the distinction between possessor and figure as thematic roles in double object and ditransitive constructions based on Wood and Marantz (2017). By the former, we mean the double object and to-dative expression of transfer of possession and by the latter, we mean ditransitive predicates that select for a locatume argument and a location argument. If i* combines with DP, it projects a D*P and takes a DP specifier. If i* combines with pP, it projects a p*P and takes a DP specifier. Semantically i* assigns to the DP specifier the theta-role of possessor and figure respectively. They involve one structure, varying in terms of what vP takes as a complement. The thematic interpretation is derived by interpretive rules defined on the syntactic structure and is constrained by “Full Interpretation”. Therefore, the syntactic properties are derived from structural environment and conceptual content of roots. We dealt with possessor raising and figure raising in this paper. Possessor raising generates two other kinds of thematic dependencies, including clausal possession and change-of-state vPs. Figure raising requires the considerations of natural reflexive vPs in ditransitive constructions and their corresponding inchoatives. The interpretation of an external argument depends on a theta-role introduced somewhere lower in the structure. Figure raising involves an external argument that bears a figure role introduced inside a lower pP; clausal possession involves an external or applied argument bearing a possessor role introduced inside a lower DP. This also requires the consideration of change-of-state semantics. The basic structure of a change-of-state vPs involves one v head which takes a DP complement. Possessor raising construction combines properties of both clausal possession and change-of-state semantics.

An Explanation on the Grammatical Case of the Zraii? Vouruka?aiia (Yt.8.8.)

Changiz Mowlaee

Volume 1, Issue 1 , November 2010

Abstract

It has long been supposed that zraiia vouruka?aiia (in Yt.8.8) could be a locative singular form of the zraiiah- and vouruka?a- stems. I shall attempt to show here that this explanation ... Read More

Checking Absolutive Case in the Ergative Structure

Yadegar Karimi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , March 2011, , Pages 95-113

Abstract

This paper investigates the nature of Absolutive case and the syntactic mechanisms underlying its licensing. To this end, two recent minimalist approaches to the syntactic derivation ... Read More

Acquisition of Functional Categories in English as a Second Language

Mohsen Mobaraki; Elaheh Mohammadpour

Volume 3, Issue 2 , January 2013, , Pages 95-109

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2013.35363

Abstract

Second Language Acquisition (SLA) always happens when the learners live and have contact with the native speakers of a second language. Although this study investigates learning English ... Read More

Middle verbs and their study in Younger Avesta Part II: Avestan verbs

Azhideh Moqaddam; Narges Ne’matollahi

Volume 4, Issue 1 , April 2013, , Pages 95-110

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2013.35929

Abstract

Time, aspect, person, number and active and middle voices are the categories based on which the verbal structure of the ancient Iranian languages are studied. According to the prevailing ... Read More

The Quantifiers in Persian

Leila Ghadiri

Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2014, , Pages 95-108

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.52662

Abstract

In this paper, after reviewing the classification of quantifiers, we aim toanswer the question of whether the merge position of quantifiers kheili and ba’zi is in the DP. Contra ... Read More

On the Syntactic Analysis of Persian Modals: Šâyad ‘Perhaps’ and Bâyad ‘Must’

Zahra Labbafan Khosh; Ali darzi

Volume 5, Issue 2 , March 2015, , Pages 97-112

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.54187

Abstract

The present paper sets out to investigate the syntactic category of Persian modals, šâyad ‘perhaps’ and bâyad ‘must’. The syntactic category ... Read More

The Effect of the Number of Vowels on the Size of Vowel Spaces: Adaptive Dispersion Theory's Key Prediction

Batool Alinezhad

Volume 7, Issue 1 , September 2016, , Pages 97-115

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.59416

Abstract

In this paper, the validity of the key prediction of Adaptive Dispersion Theory was tested. According to this prediction, vowels of a given language are organized in such a way that ... Read More

Processing Null and Overt Pronouns in Persian

hamideh marefat; Eskandar Samadi

Volume 7, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 97-115

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.61527

Abstract

‌‌‌This study examined the processing of null and overt pronouns by Persian speaking monolinguals. Different theories have been suggested for the interpretation of these pronouns. ... Read More

The Layered Structure of Mukriyani’s Noun Phrases in Role and Reference Grammar

Farzad Azizi; Sayed Farid Khalifehloo; Gholamhosain Karimi doustan

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 97-116

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.65517

Abstract

In this paper, the Mukriyani’s layered structure of NPs (one of the Surani’s Kurdish dialects) has been examined according to Van Valin’s (2005) framework. In this ... Read More

Subjunctive-Negation Interaction in Sorani Kurdish

Runak Moradi

Volume 3, Issue 1 , October 2013, , Pages 99-116

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2012.30297

Abstract

Except for personal clitics in past transitive forms, Sorani Kurdish has threeverbal prefixes; n?- for negation, be- for subjunctive, and (d)?- for imperfective. Thisarticle starts ... Read More

The Application of Corpus-based Method of Metaphorical Pattern Analysis to Persian Language: the Study of Anger Target Domain

Amirsaeid Moloodi; Gholamhossein Karimi Doostan; Mahmoud Bijankhan

Volume 6, Issue 1 , September 2015, , Pages 99-118

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2015.56645

Abstract

The purpose of the present research was the study of metaphorical conceptualization of the "anger" target domain in Persian, based on conceptual theory of metaphor. For the first time ... Read More

Deictic Projection of Present Perfect in Persian: A Semantic Analysis

Mohammad Amoozadeh; Masoume Dianati; Zoleikha Azimdokht

Volume 8, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 99-116

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2017.63137

Abstract

This study provides a semantic analysis of the present perfect of Persian expressing immediate and definite futurity. This phenomenon will be tackled in terms of deictic projection. ... Read More

Preposition sense disambiguation in Persian using semantic frames

Zahra Mozaffari; giti Taki; Mojtaba Sabbagh Jaffari; Pakzad Yusefian

Volume 9, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 99-117

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2018.66652

Abstract

Word sense disambiguation is one of the important challenges in natural language processing (NLP) and computational linguistics. However, preposition sense disambiguation especially, ... Read More

Direct Reference Theory and the Substitutivity of Co-referent Proper Names in Propositional Attitude Sentences

Bohloul Alaei

Volume 4, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 101-119

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2014.50274

Abstract

Inadequacy of descriptive theories to account for the mechanism of reference led to the emergence of the direct reference theory. This theory, however, has its own problems. If the ... Read More

Verb Phrase Ellipsis in Persian: The Questions of Identity and Licensing

Yadegar Karimi; Hasan Azmoudeh

Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2016, , Pages 101-120

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2016.57506

Abstract

This paper presents an attempt to analyze the verb phrase ellipsis in Persian in terms of the questions of identity and licensing. Assuming a minimalist framework for the analysis, ... Read More

Investigation of Logical Mechanisms of Pre-school Children’s Humorous Productions

sarira keramati Yazdi; Shahla Sharifi; Ali Alizadeh; Atiye Kamyabi Gol

Volume 10, Issue 1 , June 2019, , Pages 105-127

https://doi.org/10.22059/jolr.2019.72003

Abstract

The objective of the present paper is to investigate the production of humor in pre-school children in linguistics point of view on the basis of Logical Mechanism Knowledge Resource. ... Read More

Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2017)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2015)

Volume 5 (2014)

Volume 4 (2013)

Volume 3 (2012)

Volume 2 (2012)

Volume 1 (2010)

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